Epistemology and metaphysics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• FIRST SECTION. - MATERIALISM IN ANTIQUITY
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. THE EARLY ATOMISTS, ESPEOIALLY DEMOKRITOS = 1
• Materialism one of the earliest attempts at a philosophical theory of the world ; conflict between philosophy and religion = 3
• Evidence of this conflict in Ancient Greece = 5
• Intercourse with the East ; commerce ; rise of philosophy = 8
• Influence of mathematics and the study of nature = 9
• The prevalence of deduction = 11
• Strict carrying out of Materialism by Atomism = 13
• Demokritos, his life and character = 15
• His doctrines = 18
• Eternity of matter = 19
• Necessity = 20
• The atoms and void space = 22
• Formations of worlds = 24
• Qualities of things, and of the atoms = 27
• The soul = 28
• Ethic = 31
• Empedokles and the origin of adaptations = 32
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. THE SENSATIONALISM OF THE SOPHISTS, AND ARISTIPPOS'S ETHIOAL MATERIALISM = 37
• Sensationalism and Materialism = 37
• The Sophists, especially Protagoras = 38
• Aristippos = 44
• Relation of theoretical to practical Materialism = 46
• Dissolution of Hellenic civilisation under the influence of Materialism and Sensationaliwm = 48
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE REAOTION AGAINST MATERIALISM AND SENSATIONALISM : SOKRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE = 52
• Undoubted retrogression and doubtful progress of the Athenian school as compared with Materialism = 52
• The step from the particular to the universal ; preparation for it by the Sophists = 55
• The causes of progress by antitheses, and of the combination of great advances with reactionary elements = 57
• State of things in Athens = 58
• Sokrates as a religious reformer = 60
• Contents and tendency of his philosophy = 63
• Plato, his intellectual tendency and development = 71
• His conception of the unversal = 75
• The 'ideas' and the 'myth' in the service of speculation = 77
• Aristotle ; not an Empiricist, but a system-maker = 80
• His teleology = 83
• His doctrine of substance ; name and essence = 85
• Method = 88
• Criticism of the Aristotelian philosophy = 90
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. MATERIALISM IN GREECE AND ROME AFTER ARISTOTLE : EPIKUROS = 93
• Intermittent influence of Greek Materialism = 93
• Character of post-Aristotelian Materialism ; ethical aim predominant = 95
• The 'Materialism' of the Stoics = 96
• Epikuros, his life and character = 98
• His reverence of the gods = 100
• Deliverance from superstition and the fear of death = 101
• Doctrine of pleasure = 102
• Physics = 103
• Logic, and the theory of knowledge = 107
• Epikuros as author = 111
• Transition from the reign of philosophy to the predominance of the positive sciences ; Alexandrea = 112
• Share of Materialism in the achievements of Greek scientific inquiry = 120
• CHAPTER Ⅴ. THE DIDACTIC POEM OF LUCRETITUS UPON NATURE = 126
• Rome and Materialism = 126
• Lucretius ; his character and tendency = 129
• Contents of the First Book ; religion as source of all evil = 132
• Nothing can come from nothing, and nothing can be annihilated = 133
• Void space and atoms = 134
• Praise of Empedokles ; the infinity of the universe = 136
• Idea of gravity = 137
• Adaptations as persistent case among all possible combinations = 138
• Contents of the Second Book ; the atoms and their motion = 140
• Origin of sensation ; the infinite number of originating and pershing worlds = 143
• Contents of the Third Book ; the soul = 145
• The vain fear of death = 147
• Contents of the Fourth Book ; the special anthropology = 149
• Contents of the Fifth Book ; cosmogony = 149
• The method of possibilities in the explanation of nature = 150
• Development of mankind ; origin of speech, of the arts, of political communities = 152
• Religion = 155
• Contents of the Sixth Book ; meteoric phenomena ; diseases ; Avernian spots = 155
• Explanation of magnetic attraction = 157
• SECOND SECTION. - THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. THE MONOTHEISTIO RELIGIONS IN THEIR RELATION TO MATER IALISM = 161
• Decay of the ancient civilisation = 161
• Influence of slavery ; of the mixture of religions ; of half-oulture = 164
• Infidelity and superstition ; Materialism of life ; luxuriance of vice and of religions = 165
• Christianity = 169
• Common features of the Monotheistic religions = 172
• The Mosaic doctrine of creation = 174
• Purely spiritual conception of God = 175
• Strong opposition of Christianity to Materialism = 176
• More favourable attitude of Mohammedanism ; Averroism ; services of the Arabians to natural science ; Freethinking and toleration = 277
• Influence of Monotheism on the aesthetic appreciation of nature = 184
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. SCHOLASTICISM, AND THE PREDOMINANOE OF THE ARISTOTELIAN NOTIONS OF MATTER AND FORM = 187
• The Aristotelian confusion of name and thing as basis of the Scholastic philosophy = 187
• The Platonic conception of genus and species = 190
• Fundamental ideas of the Aristotelian metaphysic = 192
• Criticism of Aristotie's notion of Potentiality = 194
• Criticism of the notion of Substance = 198
• Matter = 200
• Modern modifications of this notion = 201
• Influence of the Aristotelian notions on the doctrine of the soul = 202
• The question of Universals ; Nominalists and Realists = 207
• Influence of Averroism ; of the Byzantine logic = 210
• Nominalism as forerunner of Empirioism = 213
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE RETURN OF MATERIALISTIC THEORIES WITH THE REGENERATION OF THE SCIENCES = 215
• Scholasticism as a bond of union in the civilisation of Europe = 215
• The Renascence movement ends with the reform of philosphy = 216
• The doctrine of twofold truth = 218
• Averroism in Padua = 219
• Petrus Pomponatius = 220
• Nicolaus de Autricuria = 225
• Laurentius Valla = 226
• Melanchthon and various psychologists of the Reformation period = 227
• Copernicus = 229
• Giordano Bruno = 232
• Bacon of Verulam = 236
• Descartes = 241
• The soul with Bacon and Descartes = 244
• Influence of animal psychology = 245
• Descartes' system, and his real opinions = 246
• THIRD SECTION. - SEVENTEENTH CENTURY MATERIALISM
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. GASSENDI = 253
• Gassendi as restorer of Epikureanism = 253
• Choice of this system with reference to the needs of the time, especially in respect of scientific inquiry = 254
• Compromise with theology = 257
• Gassendi's youth ; the 'Exercitationes Paradoxicae,' = 258
• His character = 259
• Ploemic against Descartes = 260
• His doctrines = 263
• His death ; his importance for the reform of physics, and the philosophy of nature = 269
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. THOMAS HOBBES OF MALMESBURY = 270
• Hobbes's development = 270
• Labours and experiences during his stay in France = 272
• Definition of philosophy = 274
• Method ; connection with Descartes, not with Bacon ; his recognition of great modern discoveries = 276
• Attack upon theology = 279
• Hobbes's political system = 280
• Definition of religion = 283
• Miracles = 284
• Physical princeples = 285
• Relativity = 287
• Theory of sensation = 288
• The universe and the corporeality of God = 290
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE LATER WORKINGS OF MATERIALISM IN ENGLAND = 291
• Connection between the Materialism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries = 291
• Circumstances in England favouring the spread of Materialism = 292
• The union of scientific Materialism with religious faith ; Boyle and Newton = 298
• Boyle ; his life and character = 300
• His predilection for experiment = 302
• Adheres to the mechanical theory of the universe = 303
• Newton's life and cahracter = 306
• Considerations on the true nature of Newton's discovery ; he shared the general belief in a physical cause of gravity = 308
• The idea that this hypothetical agent determines also the motion of the heavenly bodies lay very near, and the way was already prepared for it = 309
• The reference of the combined influence to the individual particles was a consequence of Atomism = 311
• The supposition of an imponderable matter, producing gravitation by its impulse, was already prepared for, through Hobbes's relative treatment of the notion of atoms = 311
• Newton declares most distinctly against the now prevailing notion of his doctrine = 312
• But he separates the physical from the mathematical side of the question = 314
• From the triumph of purely mathematical achievements arose a new physics = 315
• Influence of the political activities of the age on the consequences of the systems = 317
• John Locke, his life and intellectual development = 318
• His "Essay concerning Human Understanding," = 320
• Other writings = 323
• John Toland, his idea of a philosophical cultus = 324
• The treatise on "Motion Essential to matter," = 326
• FOURTH SECTION. - THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH MATERIALISM IN FRANCE AND GERMANY = 3
• England the classical land of Materialism, and of the union of religious faith and Materialism = 3
• English Materialists in the eighteenth century : Hartley = 4
• Priestley = 7
• Scepticism in France : La Mothele Vayer = 9
• Pierre Bayle = 10
• Beginning of intellectual intercourse between England and France = 11
• Voltaire = 12
• His activity in favour of the Newtonian philosophy = 13
• His attitude towards Materialism = 17
• Shaftesbury = 19
• Diderot = 23
• his relation to Materialism = 24
• Transition to Robinet and his modiflcation of Materialism = 29
• Intelleotual condition of Germany = 32
• Influence of Descartes and Spinoza = 34
• Influence of Englishmen = 36
• The 'Correspondence on the Nature of the Soul' = 37
• Various traces of Materialism = 47
• CHATER Ⅱ. DE LA METTRIE = 49
• Rectification of the chronology = 49
• Biographical = 54
• The 'Natural Histoty of the Soul' = 56
• The hypothesis of Arnobius and Condillas's Statue = 62
• 'L'Homme Machine,' = 63
• Lamettrie's character = 77
• His theory of morals = 80
• His death = 90
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE SYSTEM OF NATURE = 92
• The leaders of the literary movement in France, and their relation to Materialism = 92
• Cabanis and the materialistic physiology = 93
• The System of Nature : general character = 93
• Its author, Baron d'Holbach = 94
• Holbach's other writings = 95
• His ethic = 96
• Contenes of the work ; the anthropological portion and the general foundations of the study of nature = 97
• Necessity in the moral world ; relations to the French Revolution = 102
• 'Order and disorder are not in Nature ; 'Voltaire's polemio against this principle = 104
• Consequences of Materialism through the Association of Idesa = 106
• Results for the conception of the asthetic = 107
• Diderot's conception of the Beautiful = 108
• The justification of ethical and asthetic ideas = 109
• Holbach's attack upon the Immateriality of the Soul = 111
• Remark as to Berkeley = 112
• Attempt at a physiological basis for morals = 113
• Political passages = 114
• The second part of the work : attack upon the idea of God = 115
• Religiou and morality = 119
• General possibility of Atheism = 121
• Conclusion of the work = 122
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE REACTION AGAINST MATERIALISM IN GERMANY = 124
• The philosophy of Leibnitz as an attempt to surmount Materialism = 124
• Popular effect and true sense of philosophical princeples ; his doctrine of the Immateriality of the Soul = 127
• Optimism and its relation to the mechanical theory = 131
• Doctrine of Innate Ideas = 132
• Wolff's philosophy and the doctrine of the Simplicity of the Soul = 133
• Animal Psychology = 134
• Writings against Materialism = 135
• The insufficiency of the School-philosophy as against Materialism = 141
• Materialism displaced by the ideal effort of the eighteenth century = 142
• Reform of the schools from the beginning of the century = 143
• The search for the Ideal = 146
• Influence of Spinozism = 147
• Goethe's Spinozism and his judgment of the System of Nature = 148
• FIRST SECTION. - MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. KANT AND MATERIALISM = 153
• The Return of German philosophy to Kant. Abiding significance of Criticism. Reversal of the metaphysical standpoint = 153
• Movement and Sensation ; the world as phenomenon = 157
• Experience as product of Organisation. Kant in his relation to Plato and Epikuros = 158
• Kant in opposition to Subjectivism and to Scepticism. Impulse from Hume : his standpoint = 159
• Kant and Experience = 163
• Analysis of Experience. Synthetic judgments a priori = 164
• The discovery of a priori elements = 190
• Sensibility and Understanding = 194
• Space and Time as forms of Sensibility. Whether Sensation cannot measure itself by Sensation. Psychophysics = 198
• Apriority of Space and Time equally tenable = 199
• Attitude of Materialism towards the doctrine of Space and Time = 203
• The Categories = 204
• Hume's attack upon the notion of Causality = 205
• Deduction of the categories = 208
• Errors of the deductive process. Sound Common Sense. The basis of notions a priori = 209
• Various conceptions of the notion of Causality = 211
• Attitude of Empiricists and Materialists to the notion of Causality = 213
• The thing-in-itself = 216
• The deduction of the Categories and the origin of ideas = 219
• Free will and the moral law = 227
• The intellectual world as ideal = 232
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. PHILOSOPHICAL MATERIALISM SINCE KANT = 235
• The native lands of modern philosophy turn to practical life. while metaphysic remains to Germany. The course of intellectual development in Germany = 235
• Causes of the revival of Materialism ; influence of the natural sciences ; Cabanis and the Somatic method in physiology = 240
• Influence of habituation to conflicts of opinion and freedom of thought = 244
• The philosophy of nature = 245
• Tendency to Realism since 1830 = 245
• Feuerbach = 246
• Max Stirner = 256
• Decay of poetry ; development of commorical activity and natural science = 257
• Theological ariticism and 'Young Germany' ; increasing excitement until 1848 = 260
• The reactlon and material interests ; renewed impulse towards Natural Science = 263
• Beginning of the Materialistic controversy = 263
• Buchner and philosophy = 265
• Buchner ; impulse from Moleschott ; obsourities and defects of his Materialism = 270
• Moleschott ; influence of Hogel and Feuerbach ; Moleschott's unmaterialistic theory of Know-ledge = 275
• Possibility of Materialism according to Kant. The categorical imperative ; Content thyself with the given world = 282
• Cxolbe = 284
• SECOND SECTION. - THE NATURAL SCIENCES.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. MATERIALISM AND EXACT RESEARCH = 297
• Materiallsts and Scientific Specialists ; Dilettanteism and Sholasticism in natural science and philosophy = 297
• Scientific and philosophical modes of thought = 302
• The Limits of Natural Knowledge : Du Bois-Reymond = 308
• Misunderstandings of Materialists and theologians = 313
• Correction of the consequences of Du Bois-Reymond's hypotheses = 319
• The limits of natural knowledge are the limits of knowledge in general = 321
• The mechanical cosmology cannot discover the inmost nature of things = 323
• Materialism makes theory into reality and the immediately given into appearance = 324
• Sensation a more fundamental fact than the mobility of matter = 326
• Even the hypothesis of a sentient matter does not remove all difficulties. The unknown tertium quid = 328
• Unfair reproaches against Materialism = 329
• Overcoming of Materialism by philosophical and historical culture = 332
• Value of theories = 336
• Materialism and Idealism in scientific resarch = 337
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. FORCE AND MATTER = 351
• Hisroty of the atomic notion. Boyle = 351
• Influence of Newton's law of gravitaton and of Hobbes's relativistic modification of the atomic notion = 353
• Dalton = 354
• Richter = 358
• Gay-Lussao = 359
• Avogadro's molecular theory. Berzelius. Dulong and Petit = 359
• Mitscherlich and Isomorphism. The theory of Types = 361
• Doubts as to theories ; stricter distinction between Fact and Hypotheses = 362
• Mathematicians and Physicists. Theory of exten-sionless atoms = 363
• Fechner = 365
• Objections to the extensionless atoms ; W. Weber's idea of an unextended mass = 369
• Influence of modern chemical theories, and of the mechanical theory of heat upon the notion of an atom = 371
• Attempt of the Materialists to subordinate force to matter ; oriticism of this attempt = 377
• The molecules become ever better known, the atoms ever more uncertain = 382
• The law of the persistence of force = 389
• Influence of this law on the notion of matter. Relativistic definitions of Thing, Force, and Matter = 391
• Fechner's and Z$${\ddot o}$$llner's views. The problem of force and matter is a problem of the theory of knowledgy = 394
• SECOND SECTION CONTINUED. - THE NATURAL SCIENCES.
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE SCIENTIFIC COSMOGONY = 3
• Modern Cosmogony connects itself with Newton ; the condensation-theory = 3
• The geological stability-theory = 5
• Long periods of time = 6
• Conclusions as to the necessary destruction of the solar system, and of all life in the universe = 7
• The origin of organisms = 13
• The hypothesis of spontaneous generation = 14
• The transmission-theory according to Thomson and Helm-holtz ; Z$${\ddot o}$$llner's opposition = 21
• Fechner's views = 24
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. DARWINISM AND TELEOLOGY = 26
• Interest in Darwinism has greatly increased ; the questions have been specialized, but the main features have remained unaltered = 26
• The superstition of species = 27
• Necessity of experiment = 28
• Teleology = 32
• Individual = 36
• The network of classification of the animal world is inapplicable to the lower forms = 42
• Stability of organic forms as necessary consequence of the struggle for existence ; the equilibrium of forms = 43
• Mimiery = 48
• Correlation of growth ; morphological kinds ; the law of development = 51
• Differences between apparently lick primitive forms = 59
• Monophyletic and Polyphyletic descent = 62
• False nad true Teleology = 66
• Von Hartmann's Teleology as a model of false Teleology based upon a gross misunderstanding of the calculus of probabilites = 71
• The value of the 'Philosophy of the Unconscious' does not depend upon this = 79
• THIRD SECTION. - THE NATURAL SCIENCES CONTINUED. MAN AND THE SOUL.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. THE RELATION OF MAN TO THE ANIMAL WORLD = 83
• Growing interest in Anthropological as compared with Cosmical questions ; progress of the Anthropological Sciences = 83
• The application of the theory of descent to man obvious = 85
• Cuvier's dicta = 87
• Discovery of diluvial human remains ; their age = 89
• Traces of ancient civilizations = 94
• Influence of the sense of beauty = 101
• The upringth position ; origin of speech = 102
• The course of the development of civilization at first slow, then more and more rapid = 104
• The question of unity of species = 105
• Relation of Man to the Ape = 107
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. BRAIN AND SOUL = 111
• The difficulties of the subject have become more obvious with the progress of the seicnces. Injurious reaction of scholastic psychology = 111
• Phrenology = 113
• Reflex movements as the basis of psychical activity. Pfl$${\ddot u}$$ger's experiments = 125
• Various misunderstandings and erroneous interpretations of physiological experiments = 127
• The brain does not produce any psychological abstractum = 133
• Erroneous theories of Carus and Huschke = 134
• Scholastic ideas must be discarded = 137
• Stubbornness of the prejudice as to the localizations of mental functions = 138
• Meynert's brain researches = 139
• Psychological importance of the motor paths = 142
• Identity of the excitation in all nerves = 144
• Experiments of Hitzig, Nothnagel, and Ferrier ; their meaning = 145
• Wundt's remarks on the elementary phenomena of the psychical functions = 153
• Carrying out of the laws of the conservation of energy by the cerebral functions = 154
• Intellectual value of the content of sensation = 159
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY = 162
• Errors in the attempts at a Scientific and Mathematical Psychology ; Herbart and his School = 162
• Necessity of a criticism of Psychology = 167
• Hypotheses as to the 'Nature of the Soul ; ' a psychology without a Soul = 168
• Criticism of self-observatior and of observation by means of the 'internal sense' = 169
• Scientific Method and Speculation = 175
• Animal psychology = 178
• Ethopsychology ; ethnographical accounts of travel = 180
• Darwin's influence = 183
• Somatic method ; application of experiment = 184
• Empirical psychology in England : Mill, Spencer, Bain = 186
• Moral statistics = 194
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SENSE-ORGANS AND THE WORLD AS REPRESENTATION = 202
• The physiology of the sense-organs shows that we do not perceive external objects but produce the appearance of such objects = 202
• The projection of objects outward and erect vision according to Muller and Ueberweg = 206
• Further exposition and criticism of Ueberweg's theory = 209
• Helmholtz on the nature of the sense-perceptions = 215
• The sense-organs as an abstraction-apparatus = 217
• Analogy with abstraction in thinking = 218
• Psychological oxplanation of phenomena does not exclude the existence of mechanical cause = 218
• The sense-world a product of our organization = 219
• Unconscious inferences = 220
• The assumption of a mechanism for all psychical functions not necessarily Materialism, because the mechanism itself is only representation = 223
• Ueberweg's attempy to demonstrate the transcendental reality of space = 224
• results = 225
• Rokitansky's contention that the atomistic theory supprots an idealistic view of things = 229
• FOURTH SECTION. - ETHICAL MATERIALISM AND RELIGION.
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DOGMATIC EGOISM = 233
• Origin of the theoretical assumption of a purely egoistic society = 233
• Right and limits of abstraction ; confusion of abstraction and reality = 235
• The accumulation of capital and the law of the increase of wants = 237
• Supposed utility of Egoism = 242
• Origin of Egoism and Syspathy = 244
• Moral progress wrongly denied by Buckle = 246
• Egoism as a moral principle and the harmony of iterests = 247
• Examination of the doctrine of the harmony of interests = 253
• Causes of inequality and rise of the proletariat = 259
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. CHRISTIANITY AND ENLIGHTENMENT = 269
• The ideas of Christianity as remedies for social evils : their apparent inefficacy according to Mill = 269
• Mediate and gradual influence ; connexion of Christianity and social reform = 270
• Moral influences of belief partly favourable, party unfavourable = 273
• Importance of form in Morality and Religion = 276
• Pretension of Religion to truth = 280
• Impossibility of a Religion of Reason Without Imagination = 282
• Pastro Lang and his argument against this view = 287
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. THEORETICAL MATERIALISM IN ITS RELATION TO ETHICAL MATERIALISM AND TO RELIGION = 292
• Character of the usual attacks upon Religion = 292
• Predominance of the rational principle = 294
• Plans for a new religion : Comte's new hierarchy = 295
• Scientific knowledge cannot be handled ecclesiastically but only secularly = 297
• It is not moral teaching that makes religion but the tragical strring of the soul = 299
• Our cultus of humanity does not require religious forms = 300
• Materialism would be most consistent in rejecting Religion altogether = 301
• Examination of the connexion between Ethical and Theoretical Materialism = 302
• Development of Materialism with Ueberweg = 305
• His earlier standpoint = 306
• Materialistic basis of his Psychology = 306
• His Teleology = 310
• Consciousness of its weakness = 311
• The existence of God = 312
• Transition to Materialism : vouchers for it from his letters to Czolbe and to the Author = 313
• Doubt as to Ueberweg's asserted Atheism = 316
• Ethical consequences of his philosophy : relation to Christianity = 316
• David Friedrich Strauss : his last and definitive philosophy Materialistic = 323
• His Materialism correct and thought out = 325
• Superficial treatment of social and political questions ; Conservative tendency = 327
• Rejection of the specific features of Christian ethics ; Optimism ; condemnation of the worship of the Free Congregations = 328
• Neglect of the people and its needs = 331
• Leaning of the propertied classes to Materialism ; the Socialists and the danger of the ruin of our civilization = 332
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE STANDPOINT OF THE IDEAL = 335
• Materialism as the philosophy of reality ; nature of reality = 335
• The functions of Synthesis in speculation and in religion ; origin of Optimism and Pessimism = 337
• Value and import of reality = 339
• Its limits : the step to the Ideal. Pessimism of reflexion and optimism of the Ideal = 341
• Relaity needs to be supplemented by an ideal world ; Schiller's philosophical poems ; the future of religion and its inneressence = 342
• The philosophy of religion, especially fichte ; grounping of men by the form of their inner life = 349
• Fortunes of religion in critical times ; possibility of new forms of religion ; conditions of its existence = 353
• Conditions of peace between opposed standpoints = 356
• The Materialistic controversy as a serious sign of the time ; the social question and the impending conflicts ; possibility of their mitigation = 359
• PREFACE TO THE SECOND BOOK [AS POSTSCRIPT] = 363
• INDEX = 367
• [Volume. 2]----------
• Note = ⅵ
• Foreword by Professor John Wisdom = ⅶ
• Preface = xiii
• Ⅰ Moore's Paradox = 1
• Ⅱ The Nature of Metaphysics = 23
• Ⅲ The Existence of Universals = 80
• Ⅳ The Positivistic Use of 'Nonsense' = 106
• Ⅴ Strong and Weak Verification Ⅰ = 117
• Ⅵ Strong and Weak Verification Ⅱ = 130
• Ⅶ Substratum = 144
• Ⅷ The Paradoxes of Motion = 163
• Ⅸ Negative Terms = 181
• Ⅹ Appearance and Reality = 199
• XI Are Self-Contradictory Expressions Meaningless? = 231
• XII Logical Necessity = 254
• Index = 277
• [Volume. 3]----------
• PREFACE = 7
• INTRODUCTION = 11
• PART ONE. PROLEGOMENA
• Ⅰ. THE PRESENT POSITION = 21
• Ⅱ. SEQUENCE OF THE DISCUSSION = 27
• PART TWO. APPROACH TO PART THREE
• Ⅲ. PROGRESS = 33
• Ⅳ. ORDER AND SYSTEM = 38
• Ⅴ. PURPOSE = 43
• Ⅵ. SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES AND LAWS OF NATURE = 47
• Ⅶ. CAUSALITY = 51
• Ⅷ. PROBABILITY = 62
• Ⅸ. TIME = 68
• Ⅹ. SPACE = 77
• XI. QUALITIES = 83
• PART THREE. ESSAY TOWARDS A THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
• XII. FACTS = 91
• XIII. KNOWER AND KNOWN = 100
• XIV. LANGUAGE AND STATEMENT = 109
• XV. ATTITUDES = 134
• XVI. APPEARANCE AND REALITY = 142
• XVII. SENSATIONS, PERCEPTIONS, FEELINGS, EMOTIONS AND THINGS = 156
• XVIII. MEANING = 170
• XIX. TRUTH = 178
• XX. INFERENCE AND EXPLANATION = 188
• XXI. THE CRITERION = 207
• EPILEGOMENON = 215
• APPENDIX A. Discriminable Factors in Epistemological Situations = 217
• APPENDIX B. Note on Discriminable Factors in Moral Situations = 232
• ADDITIONAL NOTES = 233
• INDEX = 253
• [Volume. 4]----------
• PREFATORY NOTE = 7
• PREFACE = 9
• Ⅰ. EXPLANATION = 15
• Ⅱ. FACT = 47
• Ⅲ. MATTER AND MEMORY = 75
• [Volume. 5]----------
• AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL = xxiii
• GENERAL INTRODUCTION = 1
• CHAPTER Ⅰ - Thought, considered from the point of view of a purposive organic Function = 1
• CHAPTER Ⅱ - Thought as an Art, Logic as Technology = 8
• CHAPTER Ⅲ - The Difference between the Artiflces and Rules of Thought = 10
• CHAPTER Ⅳ - The Transition to Fictions = 12
• PART Ⅰ BASIC PRINCIPLES = 15
• General Introductory Remarks on Fictional Constructs = 15
• A. THE ENUMERATION AND DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC FICTIONS = 17
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. - Artificial Classiflcation = 17
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. - Abstractive (Neglective) Fictions = 19
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. - Schematic, Paradigmatic, Utopian and Type Fictions = 24
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. - Symbolic (Analogical) Fictions = 27
• CHAPTER Ⅴ. - Juristic Fictions = 33
• CHAPTER Ⅵ. - Personificatory Fictioons = 36
• CHAPTER Ⅶ. - Summational Fictions (General Ideas) = 38
• CHAPTER Ⅷ. - Heuristic Fictions = 39
• CHAPTER Ⅸ. - Practical (Ethical) Fictions = 42
• CHAPTER Ⅹ. - Mathematical Fictions = 50
• CHAPTER XI. - The Method of Abstract Generalization = 54
• CHAPTER XII. - The Method of Unjustified Transference = 56
• CHAPTER XIII. - The concept of Infinity (with some general Remarks on Critical Positivism) = 61
• CHAPTER XIV. - Matter and the Sensory World of Ideas = 64
• CHAPTER XV. - The Atom as a Fiction = 70
• CHAPTER XVI. - Fictions in Mechanics and Mathematical Physics = 72
• CHAPTER XVII. - Things-in-themselves = 74
• CHAPTER XVIII. - The Absolute = 77
• B. THE LOGICAL THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC FICTIONS = 78
• CHAPTER XIX. - Introductory Remarks on the Position of Fictions and Semi-fictions in the Logical System as a Whole = 78
• CHAPTER XX. - The Separation of Scientific from other Fictions, particularly from the Aesthetic = 81
• CHAPTER XXI. - The Difference between Fiction and Hypothesis = 85
• CHAPTER XXII. - The Linguistic Form of the Fiction. Analysis of "As if" = 91
• CHAPTER XXIII. - Collection of other Expressions for "Fiction" = 96
• CHAPTER XXIV. - The Main Characteristics of Fictions = 97
• CHAPTER XXV. - Outline of a General Theory of Fictional Constructs = 100
• CHAPTER XXVI. - The Method of Correcting Arbitrary Differences, or the Method of Antithetic Error = 109
• CHAPTER XXVII. - The Law of Ideational Shifts = 124
• C. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF FICTIONS = 135
• Preliminary Remarks. The Theory and Practice of Fictions = 135
• CHAPTER XXVIII. - The Fiction in Greek Scientific Procedure = 135
• CHAPTER XIX. - Beginnings of a Theory of Fictions among the Greeks = 139
• CHAPTER XXX. - The Use of the Fiction among the Romans = 143
• CHAPTER XXXI. - Beginnings of a Theory of Fictions among the Romans = 144
• CHAPTER XXXII. - Medieval Terminology = 145
• CHAPTER XXXIII. - The Use of Fictions in Modern Times = 146
• CHAPTER XXXIV. - The Theory of Fictions in Modern Times = 154
• D. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE = 157
• CHAPTER XXV. - The Basic Problem of the Theory of Knowledge = 157
• CHAPTER XXXVI. - The Falsification of Reality by the Logical Functions(Logical Optimism, Pessimism and Criticism) = 159
• CHAPTER XXXVII. - Categories as Fictions (with a General Discussion of the Practical Purpose of Thought) = 164
• CHAPTER XXXVIII. - Categories as Analogical Fictions = 172
• CHAPTER XXXIX. - The Practical Utility of the Fiction of Categories = 175
• PART Ⅱ AMPLIFIED STUDY OF SPECIAL PROBLEMS = 179
• 1 - Artificial Classification = 179
• 2 - Further Artficial Classifications = 182
• 3 - Adam Smith's Method in Political Economy = 184
• 4 - Bentham's Method in Political Science = 187
• 5 - Abstractive Fictional Methods in Physics and Psychology = 188
• 6 - Condillac's Imaginary Statue = 190
• 7 - Lotze's 'Hypothetical Animal' = 193
• 8 - Other Examples of Fictitious Isolation = 195
• 9 - The Fiction of Force = 197
• 10 - Matter and Materialism as Mental Accessories = 199
• 11 - Abstract Concepts as Fictions = 200
• 12 - General Ideas as Fictions = 206
• 13 - Summational, Nominal, and Substitutive Fictions = 211
• 14 - Natural Forces and Natural laws as Fictions = 214
• 15 - Schematic Fictions = 216
• 16 - Illustrative Fictions = 217
• 17 - The Atomic Theory as a Fiction = 217
• 18 - Fictions in Mathematical Physics = 222
• 19 - The Fiction of Pure Absolute Space = 227
• 20 - Surface, Line, Point, etc., as Fictions = 234
• 21 - The Fiction of the Infinitely Small = 236
• 22 - The History of the Infinitesimal Fiction = 246
• 23 - The Meaning of the 'As If' Approach = 256
• 24 - The Fictive Judgment = 260
• 25 - The Fiction contrasted with the Hypothesis = 266
• PART Ⅲ HISTORICAL CONFIRMATIONS = 271
• A. KANT'S USE OF THE 'AS IF' METHOD = 271
• Ⅰ. - The Fundamental Elements in the principal Critical Works of Kant = 271
• Ⅱ. - Discussion of Principles in Kant's Chief Works on Ethics and the Philosophy of Religion = 289
• Ⅲ. - Confirmations and Applications in the Other Works of the Critical Period (especially of 1790) = 302
• Ⅳ. - Kant's Posthumous Papers = 313
• B. - FORBERG, THE ORIGINATOR OF THE FICHTEAN ATHEISM-CONTROVERSY, AND HIS RELIGION OF AS-IF = 319
• C. - LANGE'S "STANDPOINT OF THE IDEAL" = 328
• D. - NIETZSCHE AND HIS DOCTRINE OF CONSCIOUS ILLUSION (The will to Illusion) = 341
• Subject-Index = 363
• Index of Names = 367