International sports law and business . Volume 1

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• About the authors = ⅴ
• Preface = ⅵ
• Part Ⅰ The United States
• 1.0. Introduction = 10
• 2.0. The Economics of Major US Professional Sports Leagues = 10
• 2.1. Background = 11
• 2.2. Monopoly Leagues and Cities = 12
• 2.3. Team Revenues = 13
• 2.4. Team Costs = 14
• 2.5. Team Profits = 15
• 2.6. Labor Unrest = 15
• 2.7. Evaluating 1995 = 17
• 2.8. The Future = 19
• 3.0. Relevant Antitrust Laws and Analysis = 20
• 3.1. Section 1 of the Sherman Act = 20
• 3.1.1. Elements of a Section 1 Violation = 20
• 3.1.2. Per Se v Rule of Reason Analysis = 21
• 3.1.3. Group Boycotts = 22
• 3.2 Section 2 of the Sherman Act = 23
• 4.0. Antitrust : Inter-League Cases = 24
• 4.1. Professional Football = 24
• 4.1.1. AFL v NFL = 24
• 4.1.2. Merger and Legislation = 25
• 4.1.3. The World Football League = 25
• 4.1.4. USFL v NFL = 26
• 4.1.5. NASL v NFL = 27
• 4.2. Professional Hockey = 28
• 4.3. Professional Basketball = 28
• 4.4. Cross-Ownership and Corporate Ownership Restrictions = 29
• 5.0. Antitrust : Intra-League Restraints = 30
• 5.1. Franchise Relocation = 30
• 5.1.1. San Francisco Seals v NHL = 30
• 5.1.2. LAMCC v NFL(the "Raiders" Case) = 30
• 5.1.3. NBA v SDC Basketball = 32
• 5.1.4. St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission v NFL et al. = 32
• 5.1.5. "Franchise Free Agency" and Reactions Thereto = 34
• 5.1.6. Pro Baseball = 39
• 5.1.7. Sports Franchise Communities : the Franchise Loser, the Vetoed Community = 39
• 5.2. Franchise Applicants = 41
• 5.2.1. Levin v NBA = 41
• 5.2.2. Mid-South Grizzlies = 42
• 5.2.3. Seattle Totems = 43
• 5.2.4. Piazza = 43
• 5.3. Restrictions on Sale of Franchises = 45
• 5.4. Other Internal Restrictions = 46
• 5.5. Team Relocations and League Expansions : International and Foreign Aspects = 47
• 6.0. Antitrust : Player Restraints = 47
• 6.1. Eligibility Rules = 47
• 6.2. Free Agency Restrictions = 48
• 6.2.1. Philadelphia world Hockey = 48
• 6.2.2. Kapp = 49
• 6.2.3. Robertson = 49
• 6.2.4. Messersmith = 50
• 6.2.5. Mackey = 50
• 6.2.6. McCourt = 51
• 6.2.7. NCAA = 52
• 6.2.8. Powell = 52
• 6.2.9. McNeil = 53
• 6.2.10. Jackson = 55
• 6.2.11. "Non-Antitrust" Collusion Cases = 56
• 6.3. College Drafts = 57
• 6.4. Disciplinary Rules = 58
• 6.4.1. Molinas = 58
• 6.5. Wage Fixing = 58
• 6.5.1. Brown = 58
• 6.5.2. Law v NCAA = 59
• 6.6. Other Group Boycotts = 60
• 6.6.1. Radovich = 60
• 6.6.2. Bowman = 60
• 6.7. Class Action Settlements = 61
• 7.0. Special Exemptions from the Antitrust Laws in the Sports Context = 63
• 7.1. The Labor Exemption = 63
• 7.1.1. Origins of the Lobor Exemption = 63
• 7.1.2. Application of the Labor Exemption in the Sports Context = 65
• A. Early sports cases = 66
• (ⅰ) Philadelphia World Hockey = 66
• (ⅱ) Kapp = 67
• (ⅲ) Robertson = 67
• (ⅳ) Mackey = 67
• (ⅴ) Smith = 68
• (ⅵ) McCourt = 69
• (ⅶ) Zimmerman = 69
• (ⅷ) Wood = 70
• B. Expiration of CBA = 70
• (ⅰ) Bridgeman = 70
• (ⅱ) PowellⅠ = 72
• (ⅲ) PowellⅡ = 73
• (ⅳ) McNeil = 74
• (ⅴ) Pre-emptive Strikes = 76
• (ⅵ) Williams = 76
• (ⅶ) Brown = 78
• 7.2. The Baseball Exemption = 80
• 7.2.1. The Genesis of the Baseball Exemption = 80
• 7.2.2. The Flood Case = 81
• 7.2.3. The Scope of Flood = 82
• 7.2.4. Application of Baseball Exemption to a "Salary Cap" = 84
• 7.3. The "Single Entity" Defense = 85
• 7.4. The Norris-LaGuardia Act = 88
• 8.0 Labor Law in Professional Sports ; "RICO" in Labor Context(eg, MLB, LFL, NBA, NHL) = 89
• 8.1. Nature of Sports Unions = 90
• 8.2. Duty of Fair Representation = 91
• 8.3. Strikes and Lockouts = 92
• 8.4. The duty to Bargain = 93
• 8.5. Union Decertification = 94
• 8.5.1. Union Decertification in Football = 94
• 8.5.2. Union Decertification and Subsequent Events in Basketball = 95
• 8.6. The 1994-95 Baseball Labor Battle = 96
• 8.7. "RICO"(Pattern of Racketeering) : Forbes et al. v Eagleson et al.(E. D. Pa., Case No. 95-CV-7021) = 98
• 9.0. Selected Features of Collective Bargaining Agreements = 102
• 9.1. Salary Caps = 103
• 9.1.1. Salary Cap Origins = 103
• 9.1.2. Common Features of NBA and NFL Salary Caps = 104
• A. Defined gross revenues = 104
• B. Cap calculation = 104
• C. Team and league-wide minimum = 105
• D. Operation of cap = 105
• (ⅰ) "Salary" = 105
• E. Exceptions = 106
• F. Cap "circumvention" = 107
• G. Effects of Salary caps = 112
• 9.2. Salary Restrictions on Rookies = 113
• 9.3. Free Agency Restrictions = 114
• 9.3.1. NBA = 114
• 9.3.2. NFL = 114
• 9.3.3. Major League Baseball = 115
• 9.3.4. NHL = 115
• 9.4. College Drafts = 118
• 9.5. Tentative Agreement Extending and Modifying NFL CBA = 119
• 9.6. Revenue Sharing Among Teams = 120
• 10.0. Player Contracts in the "Big Four" Pro Leagues = 122
• 10.1. Some General Features of Standard Player Contracts = 123
• 10.1.1. "Other Activities" = 123
• 10.1.2. Injunction Against Breach = 123
• 10.1.3. Grounds for Termination by Club = 124
• 10.1.4. Arbitrability = 127
• 10.1.5. Payment in the Event of Injury = 128
• 10.1.6. Trades = 128
• 10.1.7. Disciplinary Rules = 129
• 10.1.8. Signing／Filing Deadlines = 129
• 10.1.9. Group Licensing and Promotional Activities = 129
• 11.0. Antitrust Decisions in Sports Other Than "Big Four" Pro Team Sports = 130
• 11.1. Introduction = 130
• 11.2. Boxing = 130
• 11.3. Tennis = 132
• 11.4. Golf = 134
• 11.5. Automobile Racing = 137
• 11.6. Horse Racing and equestrianism = 139
• 11.7. Dog Racing = 141
• 11.8. Bowling = 142
• 11.9. Skiing = 142
• 11.10. Wrestling = 142
• 11.11. Amateur Sports Organizations = 142
• 12.0. Agent Regulation = 144
• 12.1. Regulation by Unions = 144
• 12.1.1. Authority of Unions to Regulate Agents = 144
• 12.1.2. The Five Smiths Case = 145
• 12.1.3. Features of Current Union Agent Regulations = 145
• 12.2 Governmental Regulations = 147
• 12.3. NCAA Regulations = 147
• 12.4. Other Sources of Regulation = 148
• 13.0 Commissioners／presidents of Leagues and Other Sports Governing Bodies : Powers ; Limitations ; Judicial Review of Rulings and Rules of Leagues, Federations and Other Sports Governing bodies = 149
• 13.1. The Powers of the Commissioner("Big Four" North American Team Sports) = 149
• 13.1.1. General Remarks = 149
• 13.1.2. Overview of Commissioner's(or President's) Powers = 149
• 13.1.3. Disciplinary Powers = 152
• 13.1.4. The "Best Interests" of the League or Sport Clause = 155
• 13.1.5. The NBA CBA and the Commissioner's Powers = 158
• 13.1.6. Judicial Challenges to Commissioners' Powers = 160
• A. American League Baseball Club of New York v Johnson : ML Baseball = 161
• B. Milwaukee American Association v Landis : ML. Baseball = 161
• C. Molinas v Podoloff. NBA Basketball = 161
• D. Molinas v National Basketball Association : NBA Basketball = 162
• E. Erving v Virginia Squires Basketball Club : ABA Basketball = 163
• F. Riko Enterprises, Inc. v Seattle SuperSonics Corporation : NBA Basketball = 164
• G. Professional Sports, Ltd. v Virginia Squires Basketball Club L.P. : NBA Basketball = 165
• H. National Football League Players Association v National Labor Relations Board : NFL Football = 166
• I. Kapp v NFL : NFL Football = 168
• J. Atlanta Ntl. League v Kuhn : ML Baseball = 168
• K. Charles O. Finley & Co v Kuhn : ML Baseball = 172
• L. Dryer v Los Angeles Rams : NFL Football = 174
• M. The Pete Rose Case : ML Baseball = 175
• N. Morris v New York Football Giants, Inc. : NFL Football = 176
• O. Chandler v Indianapolis Colts, Inc. : NFL Football = 177
• P. Commissioner Fay Vincent and Chicago National League Ball Club, Inc. v Vincent : ML Baseball = 178
• Q. National Hockey League Players Association v Bettman and National Hockey League : NHL Hockey = 183
• R. Vancouver Hockey Ltd. v 8 Hockey Ventures Inc.(Jets Hockey Ventures) : NHL Hockey = 193
• S. The 1992 Steve Howe Arbitration : ML Baseball = 193
• T. The June 1996 Marge Schott Affair : ML Baseball = 194
• 13.2. Other Selected Cases Involving Judicial Review of Decisions, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies = 198
• A. Koszela v National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing : Stock Car Racing = 199
• B. Crouch v National Association For Stock Car Auto Racing Inc. : Stock Car Racing = 200
• C. Blalock v Ladies Professional Golf Association : Pro Golf = 201
• D. Duva v World Boxing Association : Pro Boxing = 202
• E. Harding v United States Figure Skating Association : Figure Skating = 204
• F. Lindemann v American Horse Shows Association : Equestrian Sports = 205
• 13.3. A Few Principles : Waiver of Court Recourses ; Exhaustion of Internal Recourses = 209
• 13.3.1. Waiver of Court Recourses = 209
• 13.3.2. Exhaustion of Internal Recourses = 211
• 13.4. Jurisdictional Problems Concerning Non-Residents = 215
• 13.4.1. Introduction = 215
• 13.4.2. Erving v Virginia Squires Basketball Club = 218
• 13.4.3. Behagen v Amateur Basketball Association of The United States of America = 219
• 13.4.4. Karsten Mfg. Corp. v United States Golf Assn = 221
• 13.4.5. Reynolds v International Amateur Athletic Federation = 224
• 13.4.6. Service of Process = 229
• 13.5. International Sports Litigation in the US Courts = 231
• 13.5.1. International Political Issues = 231
• 13.5.2. Act of State Doctrine = 232
• 13.5.3. Rules and Rulings of International Sports Federations = 233
• 13.5.4. Some Issues in Athlete Doping(Focusing Mainly on "Strict Liability" and the Foschi Decision) = 235
• A. Introduction = 235
• B. The Foschi Case = 235
• (ⅰ) Introduction = 235
• (ⅱ) The facts in Foschi = 236
• (ⅲ) Contentions of the parties = 238
• (ⅳ) The AAA Tribunal's ruling in Foschi = 238
• C. Swiss, German, French, Italian and English tribunals : "strict liability" = 240
• D. "Strict liability" and related decisions of the Court of Arbitration For Sport("CAS") = 243
• E. Council of Europe's Anti-Doping Convention = 247
• F. Atlanta Olympics : USOC document requiring CAS arbitration ; USOC Code of Conduct／Grievance Procedures = 249
• 13.5.5. Other International Litigation = 251
• 14.0. Stadiums and Arenas = 251
• 14.1. Financing and Constructing Stadiums and Arenas = 251
• 14.1.1. Approaching the Subject = 251
• 14.1.2. Introduction = 253
• 14.1.3. The 1990s : Plethora of New／Renovated Stadiums and Arenas = 255
• 14.1.4. Types of Stadiums and Arenas = 270
• 14.1.5. Public Versus Private Financing - the Dynamics and Different Perspectives = 270
• 14.1.6. Public Financing at its Worst and Best : Examples = 273
• A. Denver's Coors Stadium and the Colorado Rockies = 273
• B. Relocation of the Raiders = 276
• C. Camden Yards = 281
• D. Private financing : Joe Robbie Stadium = 282
• 14.1.7. Keeping and Losing Franchises = 282
• A. Leverage often works = 282
• B. The New Jersey Devils and the Nashville Saga : relocation poker = 283
• C. implications of Devils' and similar hardball : NHL Florida Panthers and NFL Houston Oilers as examples = 300
• D. NFL Browns' relocation to Baltimore = 304
• E. Seahawks' relocation to Los Angeles? = 308
• 14.2. Court Challenges to Public Financing of Stadiums and Arenas = 310
• 14.2.1. Public Purpose Challenges = 310
• 14.2.2. Lending Government Credit to Private Persons or Organizations = 313
• 14.2.3. Limits on Government Indebtedness = 314
• 14.2.4. Legislative or Voter Approval Required = 314
• 14.2.5. Zoning and Other Challenges = 316
• 14.3. Stadium／Arena Financing Techniques and Trends = 317
• 14.3.1. Tax-Free Municipal Bond Financing = 317
• 14.3.2. Trends in Financing Stadiums and Arenas = 318
• 14.3.3. PSLs and Their Use : Charlotte Hornets ; Carolina Panthers ; St Louis' NFL Relocation Franchise ; and Others = 324
• A. NBA Charlotte Hornets = 325
• B. NFL Carolina Panthers = 326
• C. NFL Rams in St. Louis = 327
• D. Others = 328
• E. PSLs not always feasible = 330
• F. PSL variations and progenies = 330
• 14.4. Stadium and Arena Leases = 331
• 14.4.1. Generalizations and Trends as to Key Economic Lease Provisions = 332
• 14.4.2. Major Economic Elements = 333
• A. Rental and rental structure ; lease term = 334
• B. Luxury suites／skyboxes ; club seats = 336
• C. Concessions = 337
• D. Parking = 339
• E. Stadium／arena advertising = 341
• F. Stadium／arena naming rights = 341
• G. television and radio = 342
• H. Operating Expenses = 343
• I. Team control and commercial use of land around facility = 344
• 14.4.3. Other Lease Provisions = 344
• 14.4.4. Lease Agreements : Exhibits = 348
• 14.4.5. Litigation Involving Stadiums, Tickets and Related Matters = 348
• A. "Essential facility" doctrine = 349
• B. Breaches of lease agreement = 349
• C. Tickets, ticket sales and distribution = 349
• D. Sales of stadiums／arenas = 350
• 15.0. US Antitrust Aspects of International Expansion of Professional Sports Leagues = 351
• 15.1. Overview = 351
• 15.2. The Scope of Baseball's Antitrust Exemption = 352
• 15.3. Jurisdictional Concerns = 353
• 15.4. Form Ⅰ: Overseas Franchises of a North American League = 355
• A. New franchises : inter-league competition = 355
• B. Relocation abroad of existing franchises = 360
• C. New expansion franchises abroad : rejection by league = 363
• 15.5. Form Ⅱ: Creation of New Multinational League = 368
• 15.6. Form Ⅲ: An International Merger or Joint Venture = 369
• 15.7. Blocking League's Access to Major Television Contract = 373
• 15.8. International Player Movement and Other Player Restraints = 374
• 15.9. Application of Foreign Antitrust or Competition Laws = 375
• 16.0. Special Concerns of the Foreign Athlete Under US Law = 375
• 16.1. Rights Under US Constitution ; Certain Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Limitations on Aliens = 376
• 16.1.1. League Quota Systems as to Foreigners = 377
• 16.2. US Visas for Foreign Athletes, their Assistants and Immediate Family Members = 377
• 16.2.1. Introduction = 377
• 16.2.2. Nonimmigrant US Visas = 379
• A. B-1 and B-2 visas - temporary visitors = 379
• B. O-1 nonimmigrant visa : athletes of "extraordinary ability" = 380
• C. O-2 nonimmigrant visa : assistants accompanying O-1 alien athletes = 382
• D. O-3 nonimmigrant visa : spouse and children of O-1 and O-2 aliens = 384
• E. P-1 (a) nonimmigrant visa : internationally recognized athletes = 384
• F. Miscellaneous rules applicable to "O" and "P" visas = 386
• G. P-4 nonimmigrant visa = 386
• H. H-2B nonimmigrant visa : where "O" or "P" visas do not apply = 386
• I. Nonimmigrant visas for foreign minor leaguers = 387
• J. Labor Department strike certification = 387
• 16.2.3. Permanent Residence Status for Athletes = 390
• A. Extraordinary ability aliens = 391
• B. Exceptional ability athletes and those who are skilled = 392
• EXHIBIT A : National Hockey League Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article 9(Entry Level Compensation) and Exhibit 1(Standard Player's Contract) = 398
• EXHIBIT B : National Football League Collective Bargaining Agreement 1993-2000 : Article XVII(Entering Player Pool) ; Article XXIV(Guaranteed League-Wide Salary, Salary Cap & Minimum Team Salary) ; Article XXV(Enforcement of the Salary Cap and Entering Player Pool) ; & Appendix C(NFL Player Contract) = 410
• EXHIBIT C : Basic Agreement Between the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs and the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs and Major League Baseball Players Association Schedule A(Uniform Player's Contract-National League) = 433
• EXHIBIT D : National Basketball Association／national Basketball Players Association Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article Ⅶ(Team Salary, Salary Cap and Minimum Team Salary) and Exhibit A(uniform Player Contract) = 440
• EXHIBIT E : NBPA Regulations Governing Player Agents ; and NFLPA's Standard Representation Agreement = 473
• EXHIBIT F : State Statutes Regulating Sports Agents ; and Excerpts of NCAA Regulations Regarding the Use of Agents = 491
• EXHIBIT G : New Jersey Devils' Lease of Brendan Byrne(Now Continental Airlines) Arena (Prior to 1995 Revisions) = 495
• EXHIBIT H : Table of Contents of Baltimore Orioles' Camden Yards Lease ; and Table of Contents of Cleveland Cavaliers' Gateway Arena Lease = 543
• EXHIBIT I : FANS, Inc. Documentation For Regular Patron Charter Personal Seat License("CPSL") For St Louis Rams Games : CPSL Information and Application Form ; CPSL Standard Terms and Conditions(Including Amendment No.1) ; Form for Detail Breakdown of Groups ; and Letters Dated April 17, 1995, One Notifying the CPSL Applicant of Selection, the Other, of Non-Selection = 560
• EXHIBIT J : Sample Text of Advisory Opinion Letter of NBA Players Association to US Immigration and Naturalization Service on Behalf of a Foreign Player = 575
• Part Ⅱ The Internationalization of Sports : Developments, Trends, Problems and Useful Tools
• 1.0. Introduction = 581
• 2.0. Transnational Player／Athlete Flow = 582
• 3.0. Television and Sports Marketing : Forces of Internationalization = 584
• 4.0. Foreign Ownership, Sponsoring or Subsidizing of Pro Teams = 585
• 5.0. Professional Leagues = 586
• 5.1. The Big Four North American Leagues : MLB ; NBA ; NFL and the NHL = 586
• 5.1.1. Composition = 586
• 5.1.2. Their Current International Activities = 586
• A. General policy pursued = 586
• B. Special international events = 587
• (ⅰ) NBA : The McaDonalds Open ; Dream Teams Ⅰ and Ⅱ = 587
• (ⅱ) MLB : Baseball's "McDonalds" - like tour? ; a super world series with the Japanese? = 588
• (ⅲ) NHL : Olympic "Dream Tournament" ; Hockey " World Cup" = 588
• 5.2. International or Multinational Leagues : Actual and Potential = 589
• 5.2.1. Pro Football(American／Canadian-Style) = 589
• (ⅰ) The Canadian Football League("CFL") = 589
• (ⅱ) The World League of American Football("WL") = 590
• (a) Overview = 590
• (b) Visions : what should the WL aspire to become? = 592
• (c) Players, game style and innovations = 592
• (d) Organization and structure = 593
• (e) Finance = 594
• (f) WL Player and Coach's Contract ; the WL Standard Player Contract = 595
• (1) General remarks = 595
• (2) The WL Standard Player Contract = 595
• (3) Some issues = 596
• (g) The WL's Barcelona Dragons = 599
• (h) WL and the US antitrust laws = 599
• (i) Results of 1991 WL season = 600
• (j) Results of 1992 WL season = 600
• (k) Overall WL results 1991-92 = 601
• (l) WL suspension of operations = 602
• (m) The revived WL = 602
• (ⅲ) NFL-sponsored leagues in Asia = 604
• (ⅳ) New pro Football leagues on the horizon? = 605
• (ⅴ) NFL franchises abroad? = 606
• 5.2.2. Pro Basketball = 607
• A. A European league or European superleague? = 607
• B. NBA-sponsored leagues or NBA franchises abroad? = 610
• (ⅰ) Canada = 611
• (ⅱ) Mexico and Latin America = 611
• (ⅲ) Europe = 612
• (ⅳ) Asia, Africa and other areas = 613
• C. The International Basketball League : a fledgling bior multinational league? = 613
• 5.2.3. Pro Baseball : MLB-Sponsored Pro Leagues or MLB Franchises Abroad? = 614
• 5.2.4. Pro Ice Hockey : NHL-Sponsored Pro Leagues or NHL Franchises Abroad? = 616
• 5.3. Other Pro Leagues With an International Flavor-or Much More? = 620
• 5.3.1. Professional Soccer in the USA : 1994 World Cup ; New Pro Leagues ; Existing Pro Leagues = 620
• (ⅰ) Introduction = 620
• (ⅱ) 1994 World Cup = 620
• (ⅲ) "Major League Soccer"("MLS") : scheduled for Spring 1996 = 622
• (ⅳ) Existing North American soccer leagues : the APSL(A-League) and the USISL = 627
• (ⅴ) "League 1 America" : another new US pro soccer league? = 628
• (ⅵ) Unity required for success? = 628
• (ⅶ) Does MLS represent a European foray into the USA? = 630
• (ⅷ) MLS's potential legal problems = 632
• (ⅸ) Indoor soccer : the Continental Indoor Soccer League = 632
• 5.3.2. Ice Hockey : The International Hockey League("IHL") and the American Hockey League("AHL") = 633
• (ⅰ) The IHL = 633
• (ⅱ) The AHL = 636
• 5.3.3. Baseball : The United Baseball League("UBL") : An Aborted MLB Rival = 636
• 5.3.4. Other Example = 642
• 6.0. International Sports Federations and Expansion of North American Professional Leagues = 644
• (ⅰ) International federations = 644
• (ⅱ) Basketball = 645
• (ⅲ) Baseball = 645
• (ⅳ) Ice hockey = 646
• (ⅴ) American football = 646
• (ⅵ) MLB and the HNL : Olympic Games and other international competitions = 646
• 7.0. North American pro Leagues : Intra-Sport Competition = 650
• 8.0. US and Foreign Antitrust Law Aspects of Direct International Expansion = 651
• 9.0. International Agreements Between Sports Governing Bodies = 652
• 9.1. Basketball = 652
• (ⅰ) The NBA-FIBA Agreement = 652
• (ⅱ) Does the NBA-FIBA Agreement violate the US Antitrust laws? = 654
• (ⅲ) Other NBA international agreements : player transfers, non-tampering = 655
• 9.2. Ice Hockey = 655
• (ⅰ) The NHL-IIHF Agreement = 655
• (ⅱ) Other NHL international agreements : player transfers, non-tampering and compensation = 658
• 9.3. Baseball : Agreement Between MLB and Japanese Major Leagues = 659
• 10.0. International Litigation Involving International Player Transfers : Examples in Pro Basketball and Pro Ice Hockey = 661
• 10.1. Introduction = 661
• 10.2. Examples : NBA 4, NHL 3 = 661
• (ⅰ) Jugoplastika Basketball Club v Boston Celtics Limited Partner ship : Dino Radja = 661
• (ⅱ) Boston Celtics Limited Partnership v Shaw ; Boston Celtics Limited Partnership v Gruppo Ferruzzi Messaggero Basket = 665
• (ⅲ) The Drazen Petrovic-Real Madrid-Portland Trail Blazers Case = 666
• (ⅳ) The Toni Kukoc-Bennetton Treviso-Chicago Bulls Case = 667
• (ⅴ) The Pavel Bure Case = 667
• (ⅵ) Naslund v National Hockey League = 668
• (ⅶ) Lowell v Lightning Partners Inc. : A squabble involving ownership and management of the Tampa Bay Lightning = 669
• 11.0. Arbitration in Sports : International and Domestic = 671
• 11.1. Introduction = 671
• 11.2. American Arbitration Association("AAA") and its Arbitration Rules = 673
• 11.3. The Court of Arbitration for Sport("CAS") = 673
• 11.4. The International Council of Arbitration for Sport("ICAS") = 678
• 12.0. Conflicting Forces and Trends in International Sports = 679
• 12.1. Major Conflict Dynamics = 679
• 12.2. "Privatization": A Transnational Trend in Sports = 681
• 12.3. A Countertrend Toward Government Control : Sports Statutes in Certain Countries = 682
• 12.4. Other International Sports Trends : Professionalism, Commercialism, Federation Power Struggles and Breakaway Movements = 684
• (ⅰ) Men's and women's tennis = 684
• (ⅱ) Track and field = 685
• 12.5. US Track and Field : A Domestic Problem With International Dimensions = 686
• 12.6. Figure Skating : Where Headed? = 688
• 12.7. A New Pro Golf "World Tour"? = 689
• 12.8. Soccer : UEFA-FIFA Power Struggle = 690
• 13.0. Major Team Sports : Where Popular and Where Growing = 690
• 13.1. Introduction = 690
• 13.2. Soccer = 691
• 13.3. Baseball = 691
• 13.4. Basketball = 696
• 13.5. American Football = 697
• 13.6. Ice Hockey = 697
• 13.7. Other Team Sports = 698
• 14.0. International Regulation of Sports Agents = 698
• EXHIBIT A : World League of American Football Standard Player Contract = 700
• EXHIBIT B : World League of American Football Acquisition and Operation Agreement Between the World League of American Football, L. P., and the Barcelona Dragons, S. A. = 714
• EXHIBIT C : Agreement Between NBA and FIBA = 753
• EXHIBIT D : Agreement Between NBA and Spanish Basketball League("ACB") = 759
• EXHIBIT E : Memorandum of Agreement Between NHL and IIHF = 761
• EXHIBIT F : Statute of Court of Arbitration For Sport("CAS") and Regulations = 765