SNMP : a guide to network management

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xxix
• Chapter 1. Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Need for Simple Network Management = 1
• 1.2 Features of the Management Framework = 2
• 1.3 SNMP Version 2 = 3
• 1.3.1 Treatment of Versions in This Book = 3
• 1.4 Terminology = 3
• 1.4.1 LANs and Stations = 4
• 1.4.2 Bytes and Octets = 4
• 1.4.3 Frames, Packets, and Protocol Data Units = 4
• 1.4.4 Interfaces = 5
• 1.4.5 Ports = 5
• 1.4.6 Multiprotocol Bridge/Routers = 5
• 1.4.7 Tunneling = 5
• 1.5 A Brief Overview of TCP/Ip = 6
• 1.5.1 The ISO Model = 6
• 1.5.2 The Physical Layer = 6
• 1.5.3 The Data Link Layer = 7
• 1.5.4 The Network Layer = 8
• 1.5.5 The Transport Layer = 8
• 1.5.6 Applications = 9
• 1.5.7 Protocol Data Units (PDUs) = 9
• 1.6 Notational Conventions = 9
• 1.7 Presentation of Management Information = 9
• 1.8 Reference Material = 10
• Chapter 2. Where Does "Simple Network Management" Come From? = 11
• 2.1 The Internet-Standard Management Framework = 11
• 2.2 The Internet Community = 11
• 2.3 Commerical Requirements = 12
• 2.4 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) = 13
• 2.5 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) = 14
• 2.6 The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) = 14
• 2.7 The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) = 14
• 2.8 Requests for Comments and Standards = 14
• 2.9 Official Protocol Standards = 16
• 2.10 Assigned Numbers = 16
• 2.11 The IAB and Network Management = 16
• 2.12 Influence of ISO and CCITT = 17
• 2.13 CMOT abandoned-SNMP Moves Forward = 18
• 2.14 Expanding the Scope of SNMP = 19
• 2.15 Integrating LAN Monitors into SNMP = 19
• 2.16 Marching Toward SNMP Version 2 = 20
• 2.17 Recommended Reading = 20
• Chapter 3. Overview of Simple Network Management = 21
• 3.1 Introduction = 21
• 3.2 The Nature of Management Information = 22
• 3.3 MIBs = 22
• 3.4 The Intenet-Standard Management Model = 23
• 3.5 Network Management Applications = 23
• 3.6 Bringing in the LAN Monitors = 26
• 3.7 MIB Variables = 27
• 3.8 The First MIB--MIB-1 = 28
• 3.9 Tuning the MIB to Get MIB-II = 29
• 3.10 Technology Extensions = 29
• 3.11 Private Enterprise Extensions = 30
• 3.12 Simple Network Management Protocol = 31
• 3.13 Structure and Identification of Management Information = 33
• 3.14 Advantages of a Modular Approach = 34
• 3.15 Where We Go from Here = 35
• 3.16 Recommended Reading = 35
• Chapter 4. Introduction to the Structure and Identification of Management Informations = 37
• 4.1 Introduction = 37
• 4.2 Managed Objects = 38
• 4.2.1 Variables = 38
• 4.2.2 Datatypes for MIB Variables = 39
• 4.2.3 Other Objects = 39
• 4.3 ISO and CCITT Structure of Information = 39
• 4.3.1 Administrative Nodes in the ISO/CCITT Tree = 41
• 4.3.2 The Subtree Under Internet Control = 41
• 4.4 MIB Modules = 41
• 4.4.1 Groups = 42
• 4.5 Vendor MIB Definitions = 43
• 4.6 Using the Global Tree to Assign Identifiers = 44
• 4.6.1 Text Descriptions = 44
• 4.6.2 Picking Out What You Want with an Index = 44
• 4.6.3 Variable Names = 45
• 4.6.4 One of a Kind = 45
• 4.7 Retrieving Values Using SNMP = 46
• 4.8 Understanding MIB Variables = 48
• 4.8.1 MIB Definitions at a Network Management Station = 49
• 4.9 Retrieving a List of Variables = 50
• 4.10 Tables = 51
• 4.10.1 Table Indices = 51
• 4.11 An Extreme Case of Indexing = 52
• 4.12 Better Output with a Management Station = 53
• 4.13 Recommended Reading = 54
• Chapter 5. Introduction to the Simple Network Management Protocol = 55
• 5.1 Introduction = 55
• 5.2 UDP: The Preferred Protocol = 55
• 5.3 SNMP Protocol Data Units = 56
• 5.3.1 Use of UDP Port Numbers = 56
• 5.4 The Unit of Information = 57
• 5.5 SNMP Message Formats = 58
• 5.5.1 A Sample Get-Request and Get-Response = 59
• 5.5.2 Request and Response Message Formats = 59
• 5.6 Get-Requests for Multiple Variables = 61
• 5.7 The Get-Next-Request = 62
• 5.7.1 A Trace of a Simple Get-Next Message = 62
• 5.7.2 Using Get-Next to Walk Though a MIB = 63
• 5.7.3 Lexicographic Order = 66
• 5.7.4 Using Get-Next to Read a Table = 66
• 5.8 Trap Messages = 67
• 5.8.1 Trace of a trap Message = 67
• 5.8.2 Codes in the generic-trap Field = 69
• 5.8.3 Codes in Enterprise-Specific Field = 69
• 5.8.4 Purpose of the Timestamp Field = 69
• 5.8.5 Variable List for Traps = 69
• 5.9 Configuring Communities = 69
• 5.10 Communities for Traps = 70
• 5.11 Proxy Agents = 71
• 5.12 Getting to Know SNMP = 72
• 5.13 Recommended Reading = 72
• Chapter 6. A Closer Look at SNMP = 73
• 6.1 Introduction = 73
• 6.2 Communities = 73
• 6.3 Configuring Communities = 74
• 6.4 Community Authentication Scheme = 75
• 6.5 Rules for Reading and Writing = 76
• 6.5.1 MIB View = 76
• 6.5.2 Access Mode, Community Profile, and Access Policy = 76
• 6.5.3 Access Restrictions Within MIB Definitions = 77
• 6.5.4 Minimum or Maximum ACCESS? = 78
• 6.6 Controlling What a Manager Can Read = 78
• 6.7 Controlling What a Manager Can Write = 79
• 6.8 Tabulating the Rules for Reading and Writing = 79
• 6.9 What Happens When a Request Fails = 80
• 6.10 Error Status and Error Index = 81
• 6.11 Elements of Table Maintenance = 81
• 6.12 Recommended Reading = 83
• Chapter 7. An Introduction to Management Information Bases = 85
• 7.1 Introduction = 85
• 7.2 Guidelines for Defining MIBs = 86
• 7.3 Extensibility = 86
• 7.4 Groups and How They Are Used = 87
• 7.5 A Tour of MIB-II = 87
• 7.5.1 The System Group = 88
• 7.5.2 The interfaces Group = 88
• 7.5.3 The ifExtensions Group = 89
• 7.5.4 The at Group = 89
• 7.5.5 The ip Group = 90
• 7.5.6 The icmp Group = 90
• 7.5.7 The tcp Group = 91
• 7.5.8 The udp Group = 91
• 7.5.9 The egp Group = 91
• 7.5.10 The transmission Group = 91
• 7.5.11 The snmp Group = 92
• 7.6 Contents of a Typical Transmission MIB = 92
• 7.7 Management Stations = 93
• 7.7.1 Browsing a MIB with a Management Station = 93
• 7.7.2 Setting Up Polls and Thresholds = 96
• 7.8 Introduction to Proprietary MIBs = 96
• 7.8.1 Vendor and Enterprise MIBs = 96
• 7.8.2 Loading Proprietary MIBs = 96
• 7.9 Defining MIB Datatypes with ASN.1 = 97
• 7.10 Datatypes That Can Be Used in MIBs = 99
• 7.10.1 Introduction to Basic SNMP Datatypes = 99
• 7.10.2 Textual Conventions = 99
• 7.10.3 SNMP Application Datatypes = 100
• 7.10.4 Table Entries and Tables = 100
• 7.11 Basic SNMP Datatypes = 101
• 7.11.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIERs = 101
• 7.11.2 INTEGERs = 101
• 7.11.3 Refining the Range of an INTEGER = 101
• 7.11.4 Using INTEGERs for Enumerations = 102
• 7.11.5 Counters = 102
• 7.11.6 Gauges = 103
• 7.11.7 TimeTicks = 104
• 7.11.8 OCTET STRINGs = 105
• 7.11.9 DisplayString Textual Convention = 105
• 7.11.10 Physical Address Textual Convention = 105
• 7.11.11 IpAddress Datatype = 106
• 7.11.12 Opaque Data = 106
• 7.11.13 NULL Values = 107
• 7.12 How to Define a MIB Object = 107
• 7.12.1 Working with the OBJECT-TYPE Template = 107
• 7.12.2 The REFFERENCE Clause = 108
• 7.12.3 The DEFVAL Clause = 109
• 7.13 Defining Tables = 109
• 7.14 Recommended Reading = 111
• Chapter 8. Traps = 113
• 8.1 Introduction = 113
• 8.2 Trace of a Sample Trap Message = 113
• 8.3 Enterprise-Specific Traps = 114
• 8.3.1 Defining a New Trap = 114
• 8.3.2 The Role of the specific-trap Number = 115
• 8.3.3 An Example of a Standard MIB trap = 115
• 8.3.4 An Example of a Vendor trap = 116
• 8.4 A Trap Definition Macro = 116
• 8.5 Flexibility of Trap Definitions = 118
• 8.6 Handling Incoming Traps = 118
• 8.7 Trap-Directed Folling = 119
• 8.8 Recommended Reading = 119
• Chapter 9. The MIB-II System Group = 121
• 9.1 Introduction = 121
• 9.2 The System Subtree = 121
• 9.2.1 The sysObjectID Object = 121
• 9.2.2 The sysUp Time Object = 123
• 9.2.3 The sysServices Object = 124
• 9.3 A System Group Example = 124
• 9.4 Network Management Considerations = 125
• Chapter 10. Managing Interfaces = 127
• 10.1 Introduction = 127
• 10.1.1 Frame versus Packet Technology = 128
• 10.2 LAN Interface Addresses = 128
• 10.3 WAN Interface Addresses = 129
• 10.3.1 Circuits: A Short Digression = 129
• 10.3.2 Permanent Circuits = 129
• 10.3.3 Switched Circuits = 129
• 10.4 The MIB-II Interfaces Subtree = 130
• 10.5 Counting the Traffic Flow with Case Diagrams = 130
• 10.6 About Interface Types = 130
• 10.7 The interfaces Table = 132
• 10.7.1 Contents of the interfaces Table = 132
• 10.7.2 Controlling an interface = 137
• 10.7.3 The itSpecific Variable = 138
• 10.7.4 The ifIndex = 138
• 10.8 Polling for Interfaces Statistics = 138
• 10.8.1 Changes Over Time = 140
• 10.9 Extending the Interfaces MIB = 143
• 10.10 The Generic Interface Extension Table = 144
• 10.11 The Generic Interface Test Table = 145
• 10.11.1 When Tests Collide = 146
• 10.11.2 Identifyng Tests = 146
• 10.11.3 Some Sample Test IDs = 146
• 10.11.4 Test Results = 147
• 10.11.5 Test Codes = 147
• 10.11.6 Definition for the Test Table = 148
• 10.12 The Generic Receive Address Table = 148
• 10.13 Augmenting a Table = 148
• 10.14 Some Version 2 Improvements = 150
• 10.15 Interfaces Group Evolution = 151
• 10.151.1 Changes to the interfaces Table = 151
• 10.15.2 The New Interfaces Extensions Table = 151
• 10.15.3 The Interface Stack Table = 153
• 10.15.4 The Interface Test Table = 153
• 10.15.5 The Generic Receive Address Table = 154
• 10.16 Network Management Considerations = 154
• 10.16.1 Bringing in the Version 2 inform-request = 155
• 10.16.2 Self-Diagnosis and Cure = 155
• 10.17 Recommended Reading = 156
• Chapter 11. Address Translation = 157
• 11.1 Introduction = 157
• 11.1.1 Address Translation for a LAN = 157
• 11.1.2 Address Translation for a Packet Network = 158
• 11.1.3 Address Translation for Serial Lines = 158
• 11.1.4 The Address Translation MIB Subtree = 158
• 11.2 The Address Translation Table = 158
• 11.3 Sample Address Translation Printout = 160
• 11.3.1 A Table of Results = 160
• 11.4 Creating an Address Translation Table = 161
• 11.4.1 The Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) = 161
• 11.4.2 An ARP Example = 161
• 11.4.3 ARP with SMDS = 162
• 11.4.4 ARP with Frame Relay = 162
• 11.4.5 Entries for X.25 Interfaces = 163
• 11.5 Deprecated Status of at in MIB-II = 163
• 11.5.1 Separate Address Translation Tables for Each Protocol = 163
• 11.6 Network Management Considerations = 163
• Chapter 12. Managing IP = 165
• 12.1 Introduction = 165
• 12.2 The Elements of the IP Protocol = 165
• 12.2.1 IP Addresses = 165
• 12.2.2 Address Classes = 166
• 12.2.3 Subnets = 167
• 12.2.4 Subnet Addressing = 168
• 12.2.5 Subnet Mask = 168
• 12.2.6 Routing Masks = 169
• 12.2.7 Routing Masks and Classless IP Addressing = 169
• 12.3 Processing Datagrams = 170
• 12.4 The IP MIB Subtree = 171
• 12.5 Basic IP Configuration = 171
• 12.5.1 Forwarding Role = 171
• 12.5.2 Default Time-to-Live = 171
• 12.6 Configuring the IP Address Table = 171
• 12.6.1 Selecting the Broadcast Format = 173
• 12.7 IP Routing Table = 174
• 12.7.1 Routing Protocols = 175
• 12.7.2 How Routes Are Learned = 175
• 12.7.3 Facts About the Routing Table = 176
• 12.7.4 A Sample RIP Entry = 178
• 12.7.5 A Sample IGRP Entry = 178
• 12.8 A Proposed Expanded Routing Table = 179
• 12.8.1 The ipForwardTable = 180
• 12.9 IP Address Translation Table = 180
• 12.10 IP Statistics = 182
• 12.10.1 A netstat Example = 182
• 12.10.2 Definitions of Statistics = 183
• 12.11 Counting Datagram Flow with Case Diagrams = 185
• 12.12 Proprietary Variables of Interest = 186
• 12.13 The Helpful get-next = 187
• 12.14 Network Management Considerations = 187
• 12.15 Recommended Reading = 188
• Chapter 13. Managing with ICMP = 189
• 13.1 Introduction = 189
• 13.2 The Elements of the ICMP Protocol = 189
• 13.2.1 Error Reporting = 189
• 13.2.2 Service Messages = 190
• 13.3 Reporting ICMP Traffic = 190
• 13.4 The icmp Subtree = 191
• 13.5 ICMP Statistics for Incoming Traffic = 191
• 13.6 ICMP Statistics for Outgoing Traffic = 193
• 13.7 Counting Messages with a Case Diagram = 193
• 13.8 Sample Output Obtained with SNMP = 193
• 13.9 Checking the Changes Between Two Polls = 196
• 13.10 Watching Out for Misleading "Errors" = 196
• 13.10.1 TTL Exceededs Generated by the Traceroute Tool = 196
• 13.10.2 Destination Unreachables Generated by MTU Discovery = 198
• 13.11 Customized ICMP Polling = 198
• 13.12 Network Management Considerations = 199
• Chapter 14. Managing TCP = 201
• 14.1 Introduction = 201
• 14.2 The Elements of the TCP Protocol = 201
• 14.2.1 Socket Addresses = 201
• 14.2.2 Connection States = 202
• 14.2.3 A netstat Display = 202
• 14.2.4 Flow Control = 203
• 14.2.5 Reliability = 203
• 14.2.6 Retransmission Timeouts and Congestion Avoidance = 203
• 14.3 The TCP MIB Subtree = 203
• 14.4 Configuring TCP = 204
• 14.5 TCP Connection Statistics = 205
• 14.6 TCP Incoming and Outgoing Traffic Counts = 206
• 14.7 Counting Segment Flow with Case Diagrams = 206
• 14.8 Viewing Active TCP Connections = 207
• 14.8.1 Local Addresses = 208
• 14.8.2 The Connection State = 209
• 14.9 A Management Station Example = 210
• 14.10 Network Management Considerations = 211
• Chapter 15. Managing UDP = 213
• 15.1 Introduction = 213
• 15.2 The Elements of the UDP Protocol = 213
• 15.2.1 Socket Addresses = 213
• 15.2.2 Protocol Features = 213
• 15.3 The UDP MIB Subtree = 214
• 15.4 UDP Traffic Statistics = 214
• 15.4.1 Viewing UDP Statistics = 214
• 15.5 Counting Flow with a Case Diagram = 215
• 15.6 A netstat Display = 215
• 15.7 The UDP Listener Table = 217
• Chapter 16. Managing the Exterior Gateway Protocol = 219
• 16.1 Introduction = 219
• 16.2 Elements of the Exterior Gateway Protocol = 219
• 16.3 EGP Scenario = 220
• 16.4 The EGP MIB Subtree = 221
• 16.5 Managing the Exterior Gateway Protocol = 221
• 16.6 The EGP Neighbor Table = 221
• 16.7 Configuring the Autonomous System Number = 224
• 16.8 Polling an EGP Router for System Information = 225
• 16.9 Examples: Polling for Information = 226
• 16.10 Network Management Considerations = 228
• 16.11 Recommended Reading = 228
• Chapter 17. Reporting SNMP Traffic = 229
• 17.1 Introduction = 229
• 17.2 The snmp Subtree = 229
• 17.3 Statistics for Incoming SNMP Traffic = 229
• 17.4 Statistics for Outgoing SNMP Traffic = 230
• 17.5 Configuring the Use of Authentication Traps = 230
• 17.6 Polling for SNMP Counts = 233
• Chapter 18. Managing an Ethernet Interface = 235
• 18.1 Introduction = 235
• 18.2 The Physical Structure of an Ethernet = 235
• 18.3 How Does an Ethernet Work? = 237
• 18.3.1 Ethernet Frame Format = 238
• 18.4 The Ethernet MIB = 239
• 18.5 The Ethernet-like Statistics Table = 240
• 18.6 The Collision Histogram Table = 241
• 18.7 Testing an Interface = 242
• 18.7.1 TDR Test = 243
• 18.8 Hardware Chipset Identification = 243
• 18.9 Recommended Reading = 244
• Chapter 19. Managing a Token-Ring Interface = 245
• 19.1 Introduction = 245
• 19.2 The Physical Structure of a Token-Ring = 246
• 19.3 How Does a Token-Ring Work? = 247
• 19.3.1 Role of the Token-Ring NIC = 248
• 19.3.2 Token-Ring Protocol Issues = 248
• 19.4 Elements of the Token-Ring Protocol = 249
• 19.4.1 The Active Monitor = 249
• 19.4.2 Standby Monitors = 249
• 19.4.3 Procedures = 249
• 19.4.4 Frame Formats = 249
• 19.5 Source Routing = 250
• 19.5.1 Use of the Routing Information Field = 251
• 19.5.2 Format of the Routing Information Field = 252
• 19.6 The Interface Table = 252
• 19.6.1 The Ring State (Joining and Leaving) = 253
• 19.6.2 The Ring Open Status = 254
• 19.6.3 The Ring Status = 254
• 19.6.4 Functional Address = 255
• 19.7 The Statistics Table = 255
• 19.8 The Token-Ring Timer Table = 257
• 19.9 Tests = 259
• 19.10 Hardware Chipset Identification = 259
• 19.11 Recommended Reading = 260
• Chapter 20. Managing an FDDI Interface = 261
• 20.1 Introduction = 261
• 20.2 FDDI LAN Architecture = 261
• 20.2.1 Topologies = 261
• 20.2.2 Connectivity = 262
• 20.2.3 Stations and Concentrators = 262
• 20.3 FDDI Protocol Architecture = 264
• 20.3.1 Physical Protocol = 264
• 20.3.2 MAC Layer = 265
• 20.3.3 MAC Timer = 265
• 20.3.4 Station Management (SMT) = 266
• 20.4 FDDI Textual Conventions = 266
• 20.5 The FDDI MIB = 267
• 20.5.1 PORT Connector Types = 268
• 20.5.2 Connection Policy = 269
• 20.5.3 Connection Management and PATHs = 270
• 20.6 The Station Management Group = 271
• 20.7 Media Access Control = 271
• 20.7.1 The Media Access Control Table = 275
• 20.7.2 The Enhanced MAC Counters Group = 278
• 20.8 The PATH Group = 280
• 20.8.1 The PATH Table = 280
• 20.8.2 The PATH Configuration Table = 280
• 20.9 Managing PORTs = 281
• 20.9.1 The PORT Table = 281
• 20.10 Recommended Reading = 284
• Chapter 21. Managing an RS-232-like Hardware Interface = 285
• 21.1 Introduction = 285
• 21.2 RS-232 Technology = 285
• 21.2.1 RS-232 Hardware = 286
• 21.2.2 RS-232-like Interfaces = 286
• 21.2.3 RS-232 Signals = 288
• 21.2.4 Control Signals = 288
• 21.3 The RS-232 MIB = 288
• 21.4 the RS-232 Port Table = 289
• 21.5 Asynchronous Port Characteristics = 290
• 21.5.1 The RS-232-like Asynchronous Port Group = 290
• 21.6 Synchronous Port Characteristics = 291
• 21.6.1 The RS-232-like Synchronous Port Group = 292
• 21.7 Signals = 292
• 21.7.1 The Input Signal Table = 294
• 21.7.2 The Output Signal Table = 294
• 21.8 Network Management Considerations = 296
• 21.9 Recommended Reading = 296
• Chapter 22. Managing a PPP Interface = 297
• 22.1 Introduction = 297
• 22.1.1 Requirements for PPP = 298
• 22.2 Enviironments for PPP = 298
• 22.3 PPP Features and Benefits = 299
• 22.4 The Protocols = 299
• 22.5 Layering Interfaces = 300
• 22.6 The PPP MIB = 300
• 22.7 The PPP Encapsulation = 301
• 22.8 PPP Over Async = 302
• 22.9 Starting Up a PPP Link = 303
• 22.10 Link Protocol Elements = 304
• 22.11 Use of the Protocol Field = 305
• 22.12 The Link Control Protocol MIB = 305
• 22.13 The PPP Link Group = 305
• 22.13.1 The PPP Link Status Table = 306
• 22.13.2 The PPP Link Configuration Table = 307
• 22.13.3 Configuring Async-Control-Character Maps = 308
• 22.13.4 Magic Numbers = 309
• 22.14 Nonitoring Link Quality = 309
• 22.14.1 The PPP Link Quality Report Table = 310
• 22.14.2 The PPP LQR Configuration Table = 311
• 22.14.3 The Link Quality Report Extensions Table = 311
• 22.15 PPP Tests = 312
• 22.16 PPP Authentication Protocols = 313
• 22.16.1 Identifying the Security Protocols = 313
• 22.16.2 The PPP Security Configuration Table = 314
• 22.16.3 The PPP Security Secrets Table = 314
• 22.17 A Network Control Protocol for IP = 315
• 22.17.1 TCP/IP Header Compression = 315
• 22.17.2 The PPP IP Table = 316
• 22.17.3 The PPP IP Configuration Table = 317
• 22.18 A Network Control Protocol for IPX = 317
• 22.18.1 IPX Configuration Options = 318
• 22.19 A Network Control Protocol for Bridging = 318
• 22.19.1 The PPP Bridge Table = 319
• 22.19.2 The PPP Bridge Configuration Table = 320
• 22.19.3 The PPP Bridge Media Table = 320
• 22.19.4 The PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table = 321
• 22.20 Recommended Reading = 322
• Chapter 23. Managing a DSI/ESI (T1 or E1) Interface = 323
• 23.1 Introduction = 323
• 23.2 The Traditional U.S. Digital Hierarchy = 323
• 23.3 DSI Frames = 324
• 23.4 Evolving Use of the Framing Bits = 325
• 23.4.1 Alarms and the Facility Data Link = 326
• 23.4.2 Framing and Transmission Rates = 327
• 23.5 E1 Transmission = 327
• 23.6 DS1 line Types = 328
• 23.7 The Evlution of Signaling = 328
• 23.8 T1 CSUs and DSUs = 328
• 23.9 Physical Configuration for Managed CSU/DSUs = 329
• 23.10 Gathering Statistics = 330
• 23.11 Line Coding and the Zeros Problem = 331
• 23.12 Line Coding and the Ones Problem = 332
• 23.13 Error Events = 332
• 23.14 Persistent Problems and Line Failures = 333
• 23.15 Line Alarm Conditions = 334
• 23.16 Testing a Line = 335
• 23.17 Timing = 335
• 23.18 Loopback States = 336
• 23.19 The DS1 Near-End Group Tables = 336
• 23.19.1 The DS1 Configuration Table = 336
• 23.19.2 Error Statistics Tables = 338
• 23.19.3 The DS1 Current Table = 341
• 23.19.4 The DS1 Interval Table = 341
• 23.19.5 The DS1 Total Table = 341
• 23.20 Introduction to the DS1 Far-End Group = 342
• 23.20.1 The DS1 Far-End Current Table = 342
• 23.20.2 The DS1 Far-End Interval Table = 342
• 23.20.3 The DS1 Far-End Total Table = 342
• 23.21 The DS1 Fractional Group = 344
• 23.22 Recommended Reading = 345
• Chapter 24. Managing a DS3/ES3 (T3 or E3) Interface = 347
• 24.1 Introduction = 347
• 24.2 DS3 Frame Format = 347
• 24.3 Loading Payload into a DS3 Frame = 348
• 24.3.1 M23 Multiplex Application = 349
• 24.3.2 The M13 or SyNTRAN Multiplex Application = 350
• 24.3.3 The C-Bit Parity Application = 350
• 24.3.4 DS3/E3 Interface Line Types = 351
• 24.4 T3 CSUs and DSUs = 351
• 24.5 Physical Configuration for CSU/DSUs = 351
• 24.6 Gathering Statistics = 352
• 24.7 Line Coding and the Zeros Problem = 352
• 24.8 Error Events = 352
• 24.9 Persistent Problems and Line Failures = 353
• 24.9.1 Line Alarm Conditions (The dsx3LineStatus Variable) = 354
• 24.9.2 Testing a Line = 354
• 24.10 Timing = 355
• 24.11 Introduction to the DS3/E3 Near-End Group = 355
• 24.11.1 The DS3/E3 Configuration Table = 355
• 24.11.2 Error Statistics Tables = 355
• 24.11.3 The DS3/E3 Current Table = 358
• 24.11.4 The DS3/E3 Interval Table = 358
• 24.11.5 The DS3/E3 Total Table = 359
• 24.12 Introduction to the DS3 Far-End Group = 360
• 24.12.1 The DS3 Far-End Configuration Table = 360
• 24.12.2 The DS3 Far-End Current Table = 361
• 24.12.3 The DS3 Far-End Interval Table = 361
• 24.12.4 The DS3 Far-End Total Table = 362
• 24.13 Introduction to the DS3/E3 Fractional Group = 362
• 24.13.1 The DS3/E3 Fractional Table = 362
• 24.14 Recommended Reading = 363
• Chapter 25. Managing an X.25 Interface = 365
• 25.1 Introduction = 365
• 25.1.1 Packet Switching Benefits = 366
• 25.1.2 X.25 in Other Environments = 366
• 25.2 X.25 Technology and Concepts = 366
• 25.2.1 Virtual Circuits = 367
• 25.2.2 Public Data Network Service Providers = 367
• 25.2.3 X.25 Facilities = 367
• 25.2.4 Private X.25 Networks = 368
• 25.2.5 Talking to the Network = 369
• 25.2.6 How Reliable Is It? = 369
• 25.2.7 X.25 Layering = 369
• 25.2.8 What Ia an Interface? = 369
• 25.2.9 Related Interfaces = 370
• 25.3 The Data Link Layer: LAPB = 371
• 25.3.1 The Life and Death of a LAPB Link = 371
• 25.3.2 Borrowing X.25 Technology = 372
• 25.4 LAPB MIB Link Layer Textual Conventions = 372
• 25.5 Overview of the LAPB MIB = 373
• 25.6 The LAPB Administration Table = 373
• 25.7 The LAPB Operational Table = 373
• 25.8 The LAPB Flow Table = 377
• 25.8.1 Reasons for State Change = 377
• 25.8.2 Current Flow Mode = 379
• 25.9 The LAPB XID Table = 379
• 25.10 The X.25 Packet Layer = 379
• 25.10.1 Packet Layer Technology and Concepts = 379
• 25.10.2 Numbering Logical Channels = 380
• 25.10.3 The Packet Layer Entity (PLE) Interface = 381
• 25.10.4 Red Alert! Restart! = 381
• 25.10.5 More About Facilities = 381
• 25.11 Introduction to the X.25 Packet Layer MIB = 382
• 25.11.2 Tables in the Packet Layer MIB = 382
• 25.11.2 Packet Layer Textual Convention = 383
• 25.11.3 Timeouts, Retries, and Recovery = 384
• 25.12 The X.25 Administration Table = 384
• 25.13 The X.25 Operational Table = 384
• 25.14 The X.25 Statistics Table = 384
• 25.15 The X.25 Channel Tale = 389
• 25.16 The X.25 Circuit Table = 390
• 25.16.1 Circuit Status = 390
• 25.17 The X.25 Cleared Circuit Table = 393
• 25.18 The X.25 Call Parameter Table = 393
• 25.18.1 References from Other Tables = 393
• 25.18.2 Types of Call Parameter Entries = 397
• 25.18.3 Facilities = 398
• 25.18.4 Explaining Defaults = 399
• 25.19 The X.25 Protocol Version Subtree = 399
• 25.20 X.25 Trap Types = 400
• 25.21 Recommended Reading = 400
• Chapter 26. Frame Relay and SMDS Interfaces = 401
• 26.1 Introduction to Frame Relay = 401
• 26.2 Frame Relay Technology and Concepts = 401
• 26.2.1 Physical Interfaces = 402
• 26.2.2 Virtual Circuits = 402
• 26.3 The Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) = 403
• 26.4 Frame Formats = 404
• 26.5 Measuring Information Rates = 405
• 26.5.1 Frame Virtual Circuit Throughput Rate = 406
• 26.5.2 Circuit Committed Burst for an Interval = 407
• 26.5.3 Sending Excess Data = 407
• 26.6 Managing the Link = 407
• 26.7 The Frame Relay MIB = 408
• 26.8 Management Interfaces = 408
• 26.9 Data Link Connection Management = 408
• 26.10 The Frame Relay Circuit Table = 409
• 26.11 The Frame Relay Error Table = 409
• 26.12 Frame Relay Trap = 409
• 26.13 Frame Relay Global Variables = 413
• 26.14 Introduction to SMDS = 413
• 26.15 The Subscriber Network Interface (SNI) = 415
• 26.16 SMDS Addresses = 417
• 26.17 The SIP Level 3 Table = 417
• 26.18 The SIP Level 2 Group = 417
• 26.19 The SIP PLCP Group = 417
• 26.20 Other SIP Groups = 419
• 26.21 Recommended Reading = 420
• Chapter 27. Managing Bridges = 421
• 27.1 Introduction = 421
• 27.2 Use of Frame Formats for Bridging = 422
• 27.3 Bridge Ports and Segments = 423
• 27.4 Transparent Bridges = 423
• 27.4.1 Spanning Tree Protocol = 423
• 27.5 Source Routing Bridges = 424
• 27.5.1 Source Route Transparent Bridge = 425
• 27.5.2 Controlling the Flow = 425
• 27.6 The Bridge MIB = 427
• 27.7 Textual Conventions for the Bridge MIB = 427
• 27.8 Basic Bridge Information = 428
• 27.9 The generic Bridge Port Table = 428
• 27.10 Spanning Tree = 429
• 27.10.1 Spanning Tree Parameters = 431
• 27.10.2 The Spanning Tree Port Table = 432
• 27.11 Transparent Bridging = 432
• 27.11.1 Transparent Bridge Parameters = 432
• 27.11.2 The Forwarding Database Table = 434
• 27.11.3 The Transparent Bridge Port Table = 436
• 27.12 Static Address Filtering = 436
• 27.12.1 The Static Destination-Address Filtering Database = 438
• 27.13 Traps for Bridges = 438
• 27.14 Source Routing = 439
• 27.15 The Source Route Bridge MIB = 440
• 27.15.1 The Source Routing Group = 441
• 27.15.2 The Port-Pair Group = 443
• 27.16 Recommended Reading = 444
• Chapter 28. Monitors = 445
• 28.1 Introduction = 445
• 28.2 Operating Environment = 446
• 28.3 The RMON MIB = 446
• 28.4 Administrative Model for Sharing a Monitor = 446
• 28.5 RMON MIB Mechanism for Sharing = 447
• 28.6 Focus of RFC 1271= 447
• 28.7 RMON MIB Terminology = 447
• 28.8 More About Configuring a Monitor = 448
• 28.9 Access Control Variables = 448
• 28.10 RMON MIB Groups = 449
• 28.10.1 Traffic and Error Statistics Groups = 449
• 28.10.2 Matrix of Flows Between Systems = 450
• 28.10.3 Filtering and Capturing Traffic = 450
• 28.10.4 Alarms and Events = 450
• 28.11 Relationship to Monitor Products = 451
• 28.12 Configuration, Control, and Data Tables = 451
• 28.13 Global Statistics = 452
• 28.14 History Statistics = 454
• 28.14.1 The History Control Table = 455
• 28.14.2 Gathering History Samples = 456
• 28.15 Hosts = 458
• 28.15.1 The Host Control Table = 458
• 28.15.2 The Host Table = 458
• 28.15.3 The Host Time Table = 459
• 28.16 Host Top N = 461
• 28.16.1 The Host Top N Table = 463
• 28.17 Matrix = 463
• 28.17.1 The Matrix Control Table = 463
• 28.17.2 The Matrix Source-to-Destination Table = 464
• 28.17.3 The Matrix Destination-to-Source Table = 466
• 28.18 Detailed Diagnostics = 467
• 28.19 The Filter Group = 468
• 28.19.1 Pattern Matching in a Filter = 469
• 29.19.2 Error-Checking Filter = 470
• 29.19.3 The Filter Table = 471
• 29.19.4 The Channel Table = 471
• 28.20 Captruing Packets = 474
• 28.20.1 The Butter Control Table = 474
• 28.20.2 The Capture Buffer Table = 474
• 28.21 Alarms = 477
• 28.21.1 Rising and Falling Thresholds = 477
• 28.21.2 Configuring Alarms = 478
• 28.21.3 The Alarm Table = 479
• 28.22 Events = 481
• 28.22.1 Events, Alarms, and Packet Matching = 481
• 28.22.2 The Event Table = 481
• 28.22.3 The Log Table = 482
• 28.23 Designing Reports = 482
• 28.24 Monitoring a Token-Ring = 484
• 28.25 Expert Capabilities = 485
• 28.26 Monitors and Managers = 486
• 28.27 Recommended Reading = 487
• Chapter 29. Managing AppleTalk = 489
• 29.1 Introduction = 489
• 29.2 The AppleTalk MIB = 489
• 29.3 The LocalTalk Link Access Protocol = 490
• 29.4 AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol = 490
• 29.5 AppleTalk Ports = 493
• 29.6 The Datagram Delivery Protocol = 495
• 29.7 The Routing Table Mainterance Protocol = 495
• 29.8 The Kinetics Internet Protocol = 495
• 29.9 The Zone Information Protocol = 495
• 29.10 The Name Binding Protocol = 497
• 29.11 The AppleTalk Echo Protocol = 500
• 29.12 Recommended Reading = 500
• Chapter 30. Vendor MIBs: The Novell MIB = 501
• 30.1 Introduction = 501
• 30.2 Format of Vendor MIBs = 501
• 30.3 A Brief Intorduction to NetWare = 502
• 30.4 IPX = 503
• 30.5 RIP = 504
• 30.6 SAP = 504
• 30.7 The Novell MIB = 504
• 30.8 The Novell Basic System Table = 508
• 30.9 Recommended Reading = 508
• Chapter 31. Formal Changes in SNMP Version 2 = 509
• 31.1 Introduction = 509
• 31.2 Datatype Changes = 509
• 31.3 Textual Conventions = 510
• 31.4 Setting Values = 511
• 31.5 Managing Rows in a Table = 513
• 31.5.1 createAndGo = 514
• 31.5.2 createAndWait = 514
• 31.5.3 Use of notlnService = 515
• 31.6 Transport Mappings = 515
• 31.7 Additions to the OBJECT-TYPE Macro = 515
• 31.7.1 Changing ACCESS to MAX ACCESS = 516
• 31.7.2 The UNITS Clause = 516
• 31.7.3 Changes to the STATUS Clause = 516
• 31.7.4 Using AUGMENTS to Add Columns to a Table = 516
• 31.8 Module Enhancements = 517
• 31.8.1 The MODULE-IDENTITY Macro = 517
• 31.8.2 Updating at Module = 518
• 31.8.3 Maximum, Minimum, and Actual Levels of Support = 518
• 31.8.4 Compliance Statements = 518
• 31.8.5 Capabilities Statements = 519
• 31.8.6 Example of an OBJECT-GROUP Macro Definition = 520
• 31.8.7 Example of an AGENT-CAPABILITIES Macro Definition = 520
• 31.9 Recommended Reading = 520
• Chapter 32. The SNMP Version 2 Protocol = 521
• 32.1 Introduction = 521
• 32.2 Updating SNMP Version 1 Operations = 521
• 32.2.1 Enhancements to "gets" = 521
• 32.2.2 Improved Processing of "sets" = 522
• 32.2.3 Improved SNMPv2 trap Definition = 522
• 32.3 New Version 2 Operations = 524
• 32.4 The inform-request = 524
• 32.5 The get-bulk-request = 525
• 32.6 Message Format = 527
• 32.6.1 Version 2 PDU = 528
• 32.6.2 Good-bye Community, Hello Party = 528
• 32.6.3 Administration Using Parties = 529
• 32.6.4 The Version 2 Message Design = 530
• 32.7 Recommended Reading = 531
• Chapter 33. Version 2 Authentication, Security, and Control = 533
• 33.1 Introduction = 533
• 33.2 The SNMP Version 2 Security Framework = 534
• 33.3 Authentication and Integrity = 534
• 33.3.1 Message-Digests = 535
• 33.3.2 The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm = 535
• 33.3.3 Authentication Clocks and Timestamps = 536
• 33.3.4 Keeping Clocks in Sync = 536
• 33.3.5 Protecting Against a Patient Thief = 537
• 33.3.6 Extra Protection for Sets = 537
• 33.4 Privacy = 537
• 33.5 Configuring Authentication and Privacy = 538
• 33.6 Private versus Public Keys = 538
• 33.7 Parties = 539
• 33.8 Access Control = 539
• 33.8.1 The Access Control Table = 540
• 33.8.2 View Subtrees and MIB Views = 540
• 33.8.3 The Context Table = 542
• 33.8.4 Using Context Names in the Access Control Table = 543
• 33.9 Proxies = 543
• 33.9.1 Native Proxies = 543
• 33.9.2 Dual Roles and Foreign Proxies = 545
• 33.9.3 Local Data, Proxies, and the Context Table = 545
• 33.10 Recovering from a Crash = 546
• 33.11 Thoughts on Security = 546
• 33.11.1 A Secure Topology = 546
• 33.12 Recommended Reading = 547
• Chapter 34. Formal Definitions for SNMP Version 2 = 549
• 34.1 Introduction = 549
• 34.2 Parties, Agents, and Managers = 549
• 34.2.1 Configuring Parties at a Manager = 550
• 34.2.2 Configuring Parties at an Agent = 550
• 34.3 Identifying Parties = 551
• 34.4 Textual Conventions = 552
• 34.5 Introduction to the Party Table = 552
• 34.5.1 Authentication and Privacy = 553
• 34.5.2 Changing Private Key Values = 553
• 34.5.3 Making Sure That the Key Has Changed = 554
• 34.5.4 The Party Table = 554
• 34.6 Defining MIB Views = 556
• 34.7 The Context Table = 558
• 34.7.1 Temporal Contexts = 558
• 34.8 The Access Privileges Table = 558
• 34.9 Standard Start-up Configuration = 561
• 34.9.1 Initial Agent Parties = 561
• 34.9.2 Initial MIB Views = 564
• 34.9.3 Initial SNMPv2 Contexts = 564
• 34.9.4 Initial Access Control Policy = 565
• 34.10 Managers Talking to Managers = 565
• 34.10.1 Alarms = 566
• 34.10.2 Some Standard Alarm Notification Types = 568
• 34.10.3 Events = 568
• 34.10.4 Configuring Event Notifications = 569
• 34.11 SNMPv2 Statistics = 571
• 34.12 Proposed Simplifications = 572
• 34.13 Recommended Reading = 573
• Chapter 35. ASN.1 = 575
• 35.1 Introduction = 575
• 35.2 Moving to a Datatype Definition Language = 575
• 35.3 Some Computer Language Conventions = 576
• 35.4 ASN.1 Primitive Datatypes = 576
• 35.5 ASN.1 Constructor Datatypes = 577
• 35.6 ASN.1 Primitive Datatypes = 577
• 35.6.1 Types in Version 1 = 578
• 35.6.2 Types for Version 2 = 578
• 35.7 SNMP Constructor Datatypes = 579
• 35.8 Datatype Definitions = 579
• 35.9 Datatype Definitions in ASN.1 = 580
• 35.9.1 A Simple Datatype Definition = 580
• 35.9.2 A More Complicated Datatype Definition = 580
• 35.10 Assigning Values = 581
• 35.11 The Macro Capability = 581
• 35.12 Constructing Abstract Syntax Notation 1 = 582
• 35.13 Translating Abstract Syntax Notation 1 = 583
• 35.13.1 The Basic Encoding Rules (BER) = 584
• 35.13.2 BER Identifiers = 585
• 35.13.3 Using IMPLICIT to Cut Down Overthead = 587
• 35.13.4 Identifiers for SNMP Versions 1 and 2 = 587
• 35.14 Sample Encodings = 587
• 35.14.1 Encoding Simple Datatypes = 588
• 35.14.2 Encoding an OBJECT IDENTIFIER = 589
• 35.14.3 A Complete SNMP Version 1 Message Encoding = 589
• 35.15 Data Transmission = 591
• 35.16 Using Macros to Define MIBs = 591
• 35.16.1 The OBJECT-TYPE Macro Template = 591
• 35.16.2 Defining Objects in MIB-1 = 591
• 35.17 Objects in MIB-II = 591
• 35.17.1 The REFERENCE Clause = 594
• 35.17.2 The INDEX Clause = 594
• 35.17.3 OCTET STRING and OBJECT IDENTIFIER Indices = 595
• 35.17.4 The DEFVAL Clause = 596
• 35.18 Modules = 596
• 35.19 Groups = 597
• 35.20 Version 2 OBJECT-TYPE Macro = 597
• 35.21 MIB Compilers = 599
• 35.22 Recommended Reading = 599
• Appendix A. Abbreviations and Acronyms = 601
• Appendix B. RFCs Relating to Network Management = 609
• Appendix C. Private Enterprise Codes = 615
• Appendix D. MIB-II Summary and MIB Reference = 633
• Glossary = 639
• Bibliography = 657
• Index = 661