International sports law and business . Volume 2

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part Ⅲ Sports Law and Business in Selected Foreign Jurisdictions
• Chapter 1 Canada
• 1.0. Introduction = 791
• 1.1. Overview of Canadian Sports Law ; No Sports Law Statute = 791
• 1.2. Major League Baseball("MLB") ; United Baseball League("UBL") ; National Hockey League("NBA") ; and National Football League("NFL") = 793
• 1.3. Could the Canadian Government Block the Establishment of Canadian Franchises of Foreign Leagues or New Foreign-Sponsored Canadian Leagues? = 793
• 1.3.1. The General Issue = 793
• 1.3.2. History of the 1970s = 793
• 1.3.3. Example : Attempting to Block Canadian-Based NFL Franchises = 795
• (ⅰ) US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement("FTA") ; North American Free Trade Agreement("NAFTA") = 795
• (ⅱ) Canada's Competition Art = 797
• (ⅲ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms = 797
• 1.4. Judicial Review of Decisions, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies and Domestic Tribunals = 797
• 1.4.1. Preliminary Remarks = 797
• 1.4.2. Summary of Relevant Principles = 799
• (ⅰ) Sports organizations : contractual relationship = 799
• (ⅱ) Typical Situations = 799
• (ⅲ) Remedies and pleas = 800
• (ⅳ) "Natural justice" = 800
• (ⅴ) Limitations on Canadian court's review = 801
• (ⅵ) Summary of judicial review principles = 802
• (ⅶ) Trends and directions = 805
• 1.4.3. A Leading Case : Vancouver Hockey Ltd. v 8 Hockey Ventures Inc.(Jets Hockey Ventures) et al. 806
• 1.5. The Competition Act and Common Law Restraint of Trade Doctrine = 810
• 1.5.1. The Competition Act = 810
• (ⅰ) Generally = 810
• (ⅱ) The Act's main operative provisions regarding professional sports = 810
• A. Section 32.3, Competition Act = 810
• B. Section 32, Competition Act = 812
• C. Remedies for violations of Sections 32.3 and 32, Competition Act = 814
• D. Competition Act's statutory exemptions : players' associations／union ; collective bargaining agreement("CBAs") ; and amateur sports = 815
• (ⅰ) Section 4, Competition Act : exemption for players associations and unions ; exemption for collective bargaining agreements("CBAs") = 815
• (ⅱ) Section 4.2, Competition Act : exemption for amateur sports = 816
• (ⅲ) CBAs under Canadian Law = 817
• E. Section 51, Competition Act : abuse of dominant position = 817
• 1.5.2. Common Law Restraint of Trade Docrine = 819
• (ⅰ) The doctrine = 819
• (ⅱ) Interrelationship between the Competition Act and／or common law restraint of trade = 819
• 1.5.3. Canadian Sports Case Law Involving Competition Act and／or Common Law Restraint of Trade = 820
• (ⅰ) Observations = 820
• (ⅱ) Canadian Case Law = 821
• A. Junior ice hockey draft system : Greenlaw case = 821
• B. Post-term transfer compensation in junior ice hockey : sheddon and Tonelli cases = 821
• C. Junior hockey player eligibility rules : Sheddon case = 822
• D. Mandatory membership in Figure Skating Association : Figure Skating Coaches case = 823
• E. CFL Rule restricting eligibility to Play : Reed case = 823
• (ⅰ) Competition Act, Sections 32.3 and 31.1 = 824
• (ⅱ) Common Law restraint of trade = 824
• 1.6. Arbitration = 824
• 1.7. Interim Injunctions in Sports Cases = 825
• 1.7.1. The Tests Applied = 825
• 1.7.2. Canadian Interim Injunction Sports Decisions = 827
• (ⅰ) Boduch v Harper et al.(1974 Ontario High Court Decision) : player transfer = 827
• (ⅱ) Toronto Marlboro Major Junior "A" Hockey Club et al. v Tonelli et al.(1975 Ontario High Court Decision) : team seeking to enjoin player from playing for another club based on player contract = 827
• (ⅲ) Gretzky v Ontario Minor Hockey Association(1975 Ontario High Court Decision) : player transfer-residency rules = 828
• (ⅳ) Hebert v Shawinigan Cataractes Hockey Club et al.(1978 Ontario High Court Decision) : player transfer = 829
• (ⅴ) Sheddon et al. v Ontario Major Junior Hockey League et al.(1978 Ontario High Court Decision) : player transfer = 829
• (ⅵ) Chuvalo v Canadian Professional Boxing Federation, Inc.(1979 Ontario High Court Decision) : boxer seeking to prevent crowning of new champion = 830
• (ⅶ) Chantler v Metropolitan Toronto Hockey League et al.(1983 Ontarion High Court Decision) : residence restrictions - eligibility - conflict between governing bodies = 831
• (ⅷ) Greenlaw v Ontario Major Junior Hockey League et al.(1984 Ontario High Court Decision) : challenge to junior hockey draft system = 832
• (ⅸ) Kernaghan v Softball Saskatchewan(1987 Saskatchewan Queen's Bench Decision) : player transfer = 832
• 1.7.3. Positive and Negative Covenants in Personal Service Contracts : Interim Injunctions = 833
• (ⅰ) General rules = 833
• (ⅱ) Negative covenants : Dublinski case = 834
• (ⅲ) Positive covenants : Kapp case = 835
• 1.8. Contract Disputes and Similar Matters : Canadian Court Decisions = 837
• (ⅰ) Detroit Football Club v Dublinski(1957 Ontario Court of Appeal Decision) : club's exercise of option in player contract = 837
• (ⅱ) Detroit Football Club v Dublinski(1957 Ontario Court of Appeal Decision) : damages for player contract breach = 838
• (ⅲ) Gabriel v Hamilton Tiger-Cat Football Club Ltd.(1975 Ontario High Court Decision) : player attacking player contract on common law principles = 838
• (ⅳ) Toronto Marlboro Major Junior "A" Hockey Club et al. v Tonelli et al.(1977 Ontario High Court Decision, affirmed by Court of Appeal, 1979) : onerous contract voidable by minor = 840
• (ⅴ) Barton v Toronto Argonaut Football Club Ltd. et al.(1978 Ontario High Court Decision, affirmed in 1982 by Supreme Court of Canada) : guaranteed payment clauses in player contract ; poorly worded contract = 840
• (ⅵ) Sheehy v Edmonton World Hockey Enterprises Ltd. et al.(1979 Alberta Court of Queen's Bench Decision) : assignment of player contract = 841
• (ⅶ) Neilson v Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd.(1988 British Columbia Court of Appeal Decision) : guaranteed payment clauses in coach's contract ; poorly worded contract = 841
• (ⅷ) Hawes v Sherwood-Parkdale Metro Junior Hockey Club Inc.(1991 Decision of Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, Appeal Division) : poorly drafted player contract = 842
• (ⅸ) Bathgate et al. v National Hockey League Pension Society et al.(1992 Ontario Court(General Division), affirmed by Ontario Court of Appeal, 19940 : wrongful appropriation of pension funds = 843
• (ⅹ) The Tamarick Vanover Contract Dispute : 1995 = 834
• 1.9. League-Approved or Endorsed Products : National Hockey League et al. v Pepsi-Cola Canada Ltd.／Pepsi-Cola Canada Lt$$e'$$e = 844
• 1.10. The Canadian Football League("CFL") = 847
• (ⅰ) Overview = 847
• (ⅱ) The CFL Standard Player Contract("SPC") = 849
• 1.11. Sports Agents = 852
• 1.12. Strikes, Lockouts and Canadian Labor Law = 853
• 1.13. Stadiums and Arenas, Leases and Team Relocations = 854
• (ⅰ) The Skydome-Bitove litigations = 854
• (ⅱ) The Edmonton Oilers 1994 litigation = 855
• 1.14. quebec Province : Eventual Secession and Ramifications For Sports = 856
• Exhibit A : Canadian Football League Standard Player Contract = 857
• Chapter 2 Dominican Republic
• 2.0. Introduction = 870
• 2.1. Dominican Republic Sports Statutes ; Sports Case Law = 870
• 2.2. Dominican Republic Baseball = 870
• 2.2.1. Quality Players ; Shortstops = 871
• 2.2.2. History = 871
• 2.2.3. ML Baseball's Presence in the Dominican Republic = 873
• 2.2.4. Japanese Presence in the Caribbean = 873
• 2.2.5. MLB Accredited Baseball Scouts = 873
• 2.2.6. Importance to Dominicans = 873
• 2.3. The Dominican Winter League("WL") ; the Caribbean WLs ; the Caribbean Baseball Confederation = 874
• 2.3.1. The Dominican WL = 874
• 2.3.2. the Caribbean WLs ; the Caribbean baseball Confederation = 874
• 2.3.3. Relationship Between WLs and "Professional Baseball"(or "Organized Baseball") = 875
• 2.3.4. 1980 Agreement Between Caribbean WLs and "Professional(or 'Organized') Baseball" = 876
• 2.3.5. Standard WL Player Contracts = 882
• 2.3.6. Player Salaries = 884
• 2.3.7. Reserve System and Free Agency For Dominicans = 884
• 2.3.8. Eligibility : American Players = 885
• 2.3.9. No Transfer Compensation = 886
• 2.3.10. Recent WL Woes ; 1994 ML Players' Strike = 886
• 2.4. Dominican Republic National Amateur Baseball Team = 887
• 2.5. MLB Expansion Into Wl Territories ; An Aborted Potential MLB Rival - The United Baseball League = 888
• Exhibit A : Presidential Regulation 3450 of 1985(Author's English Translation) = 889
• Exhibit B : Dominican WL Standard Player Contract for "Native" Players(Author's English Translation) = 892
• Exhibit C : Uniform Player Contract For Major League and NABALL Minor League Players Playing in a Caribbean Winter League(including the DR WL) = 897
• Chapter 3 Mexico
• 3.0. Sports in Mexico : An Introduction = 905
• 3.1. A Legal Overview = 906
• 3.2. Amateur Sports : Mexico's Sports Statute ; Inapplicability to Professional Sports = 907
• 3.2.1. Introduction = 907
• 3.2.2. Summary of Mexico's Sports Statute and Implementing Regulation : Amateur Sports = 909
• 3.3. Professional Sports = 916
• 3.3.1. Introduction = 916
• 3.3.2. Key Labor Law Provisions Applicable to Pro Athletes = 916
• 3.3.3. Practical Application = 921
• 3.4. Mexican Professional Baseball : The Mexican Summer League("MexL") = 925
• 3.4.1. Introduction = 925
• 3.4.2. The Mexican Summer League("MexL") = 926
• (ⅰ) Overview = 926
• (ⅱ) Baseball parks = 928
• (ⅲ) Club ownership = 928
• (ⅳ) The Pastej$$e'$$ Academy ; the Center for the Development of Mexican Baseball = 931
• (ⅴ) Relationship with US Major and minor leagues = 931
• (ⅵ) Players' association ; collective bargaining agreement ; player strikes = 935
• (ⅶ) Standard contracts and form ; MexL Regulations ; the MexL standard Player Contract("SPC") = 935
• A. Contracts／documents as Exhibits = 935
• B. The SPC : general remarks = 936
• 1. SPC in force from early 1980s through 1993 = 936
• 2. 1994 SPC = 936
• 3. General observations = 937
• C. Key provisions of 1994 SPC = 938
• D. Disciplinary fines in the MexL = 939
• (ⅷ) Non-Mexicans in the MexL = 939
• (ⅸ) Other important rules = 940
• 3.5. The Mexican Pacific Baseball League(Winter League) = 940
• 3.6. Judicial Review of Decisions, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies and Their domestic Tribunals = 941
• 3.7. Monopolies, Monopolistic Practices and Restraints of Trade = 942
• 3.8. Expansion of North American Pro Team Sports to Mexico = 943
• 3.8.1. National Basketball Association("NBA") = 943
• 3.8.2. Major League Baseball("MLB") = 944
• 3.8.3. National Football League("NFL") ; Canadian Football League("CFL") = 945
• 3.8.4. National Hockey League("NHL") = 946
• 3.8.5. Other Pro Leagues = 946
• Exhibit A : 1994 and Past "Working Arrangements" Between North American MLB Clubs and MexL Clubs = 948
• Exhibit B : "Working Arrangement" Letter of Agreement Between Kansas City Royals and MexL's Yucat$$a'$$n Lions For January 1 to December 31, 1990 = 949
• Exhibit C : 1981-1993 MexL Standard Baseball Player Contract(Author's Translation From Spanish) = 952
• Exhibit D : 1994 MexL Standard Baseball Player Contract(Author's Translation from Spanish) = 956
• Exhibit E : Minor League Uniform Player Contract = 959
• Exhibit F : MexL Official Player Assignment Agreement(Author's Translation from Spanish) = 974
• Exhibit G : MexL Agreements(Resolutions) Valid for 1991 Season(Author's Translation) = 975
• Exhibit H : MexL Provisions on Player Contracts(Author's Translation) = 977
• Chapter 4 Venezuela
• 4.0. Introduction = 985
• 4.1. Venezuelan Professional Baseball = 985
• 4.1.1. Some Background = 985
• 4.1.2. The Venezuelan Pro Winter Baseball League and Teams = 988
• 4.1.3. Player Transfers to Major Leagues = 988
• 4.1.4. Professional Baseball Player as Employee of His Team = 988
• 4.2. Venezuela's Sports Statute("SL") = 989
• 4.2.1. General Remarks = 989
• 4.2.2. The State and the NSI = 989
• 4.2.3. Federation Sports and Sports Entities ; Venezuelan Olympic Committee = 991
• A. Venezuelan Olympic Committee("VOC") = 992
• B. Venezuelan sports federations = 992
• C. Associations = 993
• D. Clubs = 993
• E. Athletes = 993
• 4.2.4. Disciplinary Regime = 994
• 4.2.5. SL's Application to Professional Sports = 995
• 4.2.6. Sports Facilities = 997
• 4.3. Establishment in Venezuela of a Franchise of a North American League or the Like : Does the SL Pose an Obstacle? = 998
• Chapter 5 European Community
• 5.0. Preliminary Remarks = 1001
• 5.1. The EC, the Treaty and its Principal Provisions Applicable to Sports = 1001
• 5.1.1. Member Countries ; Treaty of Rome = 1001
• 5.1.2. The Commission = 1001
• 5.1.3. The European Court of Justice("ECJ") = 1001
• 5.1.4. Community Law and Policy = 1001
• 5.1.5. EC Treaty's Main Provisions Pertinent to Sports = 1002
• 5.2. Principles of Freedom of Movement Within the EC of Persons Rendering Remunerated Services and Non-Discrimination Based on Nationality = 1003
• 5.2.1. Introduction = 1003
• 5.2.2. EC Council Regulation 1612／68 of October 15, 1968 = 1005
• 5.2.3. EcJ Sports Decisions Regarding Freedom of Movement／Non-Discrimination Based on Nationality = 1006
• 5.2.4. UEFA Ban on British Pro Soccer Clubs Playing in Europe = 1012
• 5.2.5. Sports Governing Body Doping Rugulations／Procedures : Can They Violate EC Treaty Rules on Freedom of Movement? = 1012
• 5.2.6. Non-EC Citizens Residing or Domiciled in EC Countries = 1014
• 5.3. Text of Articles 85 and 86, EC Treaty = 1015
• 5.4. Article 85 : Some Basic Principles = 1017
• 5.4.1. "Undertakings"("enterprises") = 1017
• 5.5. Article 86 : Some Basic Principles = 1019
• 5.6. Penalties and Remedies for Article 85(1) and Article 86 Violations = 1021
• 5.7. Some Points Common to Article 85(1) and Article 86, EC Treaty = 1022
• 5.8. Sports Law Cases Involving Articles 85 and 86, EC Treaty = 1023
• 5.8.1. EC Commission and Court of Justice Decisions Regarding Sports = 1023
• 5.8.2. Cases in National Courts of EC Member Countries = 1024
• 5.8.3. The "Essential Facilities" Doctrine-EC Style = 1028
• 5.9. Player Restrictions in the EC = 1029
• 5.10. Current EC Issues in Pro and Olympic Sports = 1029
• 5.10.1. Current Issues Involving Free Movement of Persons／Non-Discrimination = 1030
• A. Nationality restrictions = 1030
• (ⅰ) Pro soccer = 1030
• (ⅱ) Pro basketball = 1034
• (ⅲ) Other sports = 1036
• (ⅳ) Decisions of Member State national courts re nationality restrictions = 1037
• B. Transfer fees = 1037
• (ⅰ) Pro soccer = 1037
• (a) Bosman v Royal Football Club de Li$$\bprime e$$ge et al. : transfer fees and nationality restrictions = 1038
• (b) Bosman v EC Commission : unsuccessful attack on 1991 "gentlemen's agreement" = 1052
• (c) Hans Gilhaus case = 1053
• (d) Jeppe Tengbjerg case = 1053
• (ⅱ) Pro basketball = 1053
• (ⅲ) Pro ice hockey = 1055
• C. Mutual recongnition of diplomas = 1057
• D. Insurance = 1057
• 5.10.2. Current Sports Issues Involving EC Competition Law = 1058
• A. Transfer fees ; nationality restrictions = 1058
• B. Competition among federations : outdoor and indoor soccer = 1058
• C. "Official" sports equipment, its mandatory purchase and exclusivity = 1060
• (ⅰ) "Official" label = 1060
• (ⅱ) Mandatory use of "official" sports equipment = 1061
• (ⅲ) Mandatory buying from certain distributors = 1062
• D. Exclusive distribution of sports equipment and parallel imports = 1063
• E. Exclusive distributors for ticket sales(Olympic Games) = 1070
• F. Exclusive distribution right for package tours with admission tickets(World Cup) = 1071
• G. Broadcasting rights in the EC = 1075
• H. The Olympic Symbol and market division = 1076
• 5.10.3. Miscellaneous Sports Issues : Subsidies, VAT = 1076
• A. Subsidies = 1076
• B. Value added tax("VAT") in the EC = 1077
• 5.11. Pro Basketball Today and Tomorrow in the EC = 1078
• 5.12. Can a Competing or New Sports Federation be Established in an EC Country ? = 1079
• 5.13. Can New Leagues or Teams Participating in Foreign Leagues be Prevented in EC Countries? = 1079
• 5.14. Antitrust(Competition) Law Aspects of US Pro Sports League Expansion to Ec(European Union) Countries = 1080
• 5.14.1. US Antitrust Laws = 1081
• A. Offensive use by USPL as plaintiff = 1081
• B. Defending US antitrust claims : USPL as defendant = 1082
• 5.14.2. EC Competition Law／Member State National Antitrust Laws = 1083
• A. Offensive use : USPL as plaintiff or complainant = 1083
• B. Defending European antitrust claims : USPL as defendant = 1084
• 5.15. Team Relocations in Europe = 1089
• Exhibit A : European Parliament Resolution of April 11, 1989 Regarding the Free Movement of Professional Footballers(Soccer Players) = 1092
• Exhibit B : EC Commission Press Communiqu$$e'$$ of April 18, 1991 Re the "Gentlemen's Agreement" in Soccer = 1095
• Exhibit C : Summary of UEFA Transfer Fee Regulation, June 1993 Version(Translated or Paraphrased by the Author from German) = 1096
• Chapter 6 Belgium
• 6.0. Introduction = 1099
• 6.1. Belgian Sports Statutes = 1100
• 6.1.1. Ethnic Community Sports Legislation = 1100
• 6.1.2. Federal Sports Legislation : Law of February 24, 1978 on employment Contracts of Remunerated Sports Persons = 1101
• 6.2. Belgian Sports Case Law : The Bosman Case and Others = 1104
• 6.3. Sports Arbitration in Belgium = 1108
• 6.3.1. Belgian Commission For Sports Arbitration(La Commission Belge. d'Arbitrage pour le Sport) = 1108
• 6.3.2. royal Belgian Union of Societies of the Football Association(URBSFA) "Arbitral College" = 1109
• Chapter 7 Czech and Slovak Republics
• 7.0. Introduction = 1111
• 7.1. Organization of Sports in the Czech Republic = 1111
• 7.2. Sports Law in the Czech Republic = 1112
• 7.3. Ice Hockey in the Czech Republic = 1113
• 7.3.1. Hockey Leagues and Clubs in the Czech Republic = 1114
• (ⅰ) The Extra League = 1114
• (ⅱ) Other Czech ice hockey leagues = 1115
• 7.3.2. The Extra League ; Privatization ; Financial Matters = 1115
• 7.3.3. The IIHF ; National Federations Affiliated with the IIHF = 1116
• 7.3.4. The Czech Ice Hockey Federation ; the Slovak Ice Hockey Federation = 1116
• 7.3.5. Power Balance Between CzIHF and the Extra League = 1117
• 7.3.6. The IIHF and North America's National Hockey League("NHL") ; IIHF's Concerns ; the NHL-IIHF Agreement = 1117
• 7.3.7. Non-Tamper Player Transfer Agreements Between NHL and Czech and Slovak Ice Hockey Federations／Leagues = 1120
• 7.3.8. Czech Ice Hockey Players' Legal Status ; Czech Extra League Standard Players Contract = 1120
• 7.3.9. Czech Extra League Players Association ; no CBA = 1121
• 7.3.10. IIHF Regulations on International Player Transfers ; the Transfer Procedure = 1122
• (ⅰ) International transfers not involving the NHL = 1122
• (ⅱ) Foreign players transferring to NHL teams = 1123
• 7.4. Soccer in the Czech and Slovak Republics = 1124
• 7.4.1. Introduction = 1124
• 7.4.2. Czech Soccer Leagues = 1124
• 7.4.3. Slovak Soccer Leagues = 1124
• 7.4.4. Ownership of Czech Soccer Clubs = 1124
• 7.4.5. Players' Unions ; no CBA = 1125
• 7.4.6. Soccer Stadiums = 1125
• 7.4.7. Players' Status = 1125
• 7.4.8. Foreign Players = 1125
• 7.4.9. International Player Transfers = 1125
• 7.4.10. Pragosport Player Contract of Czech Soccer Player Transferring to Dutch Team = 1126
• 7.4.11. UEFA Transfer Fee Regulation = 1126
• 7.4.12. Revenues = 1127
• 7.5. Tennis in the Czech Republic = 1127
• 7.5.1. Introduction = 1127
• 7.5.2. The Czech Tennis Union("CTU") = 1127
• 7.5.3. Contracts = 1128
• 7.6. Czech and Slovak Republic Law Generally : Contract Law, arbitration and Other Areas = 1128
• Exhibit A : Text of Czech Extra League Standard Player Contract(English Translation) = 1130
• Exhibit B : Text of Standard National Hockey League Release Agreement = 1137
• Exhibit C : Text of FIFA International Soccer Player Clearance Certificate Issued by Slovak Soccer Federation to Italian Soccer Federation(Author's English Translation from German) = 1139
• Exhibit D : Text of FIFA International Soccer Player Clearance Certificate Issued by German Soccer Federation to Czech Soccer Federation(Author's English Translation from German) = 1140
• Exhibit E : Soccer Player Contract Between Transferring Czech Player and Dutch Soccer Team with Pragosport as Intermediary(Author's English Translation) = 1141
• Exhibit F : Model Pragosport Player Contract for International Player Transfer in Essentially any Team Sport = 1145
• Exhibit G : Endorsement Contract Between Reebok International and Wellknown Czech Tennis Player = 1149
• Exhibit H : Contract Between German Tennis Club and Czech Tennis Coach with Pragosport as Intermediary(Author's Translation from German) = 1150
• Chapter 8 Finland and Sweden
• 8.0. Introduction = 1154
• 8.1. Finland and Sweden : European Union and EC Membership = 1158
• 8.2. The 1994 NHL-IIHF Agreement : Ice Hockey = 1155
• FINLAND
• 8.3. Introduction = 1156
• 8.4. Agreement Between the National Hockey League("NHL") and the Finnish Hockey League("FL") = 1156
• SWEDEN
• 8.5. Introduction = 1159
• 8.6. Swedish Ice Hockey = 1159
• 8.6.1. Agreement Between NHL, the Swedish Ice Hockey Association("SLA") and the Swedish Elitserie League and its Member Clubs("EL") = 1160
• 8.6.2. Naslund v. National Hockey League, et al. = 1162
• 8.6.3. Rules of Swedish Ice Hockey Association = 1165
• 8.6.4. Status of Remunerated Players = 1165
• 8.7. Swedish Sports Law = 1165
• 8.7.1. General Observations = 1165
• 8.7.2. No Sports Statutes = 1166
• 8.7.3. Swedish Federation Rules and Dispute／Grievance Resolution = 1166
• 8.7.4. Swedish Case Law on Sports ; Judicial Review of Decisions and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies = 1167
• 8.7.5. Noteworthy Contract Principles = 1169
• Exhibit A : English Summary of Selected Provisions of Swedish Ice Hockey Federation's 1993-94 Hockey Book(Hockeyboken 93-94) Regarding Player Nationality and Player Transfers = 1170
• Exhibit B : Summary of Finish Antitrust Decision Joensuun Kataja-Basket Oy v Finish Basketball Federation, Decision of Finish Supervisory Commission for Free Competition of September 5, 1995 = 1173
• Chapter 9 Germany
• 9.0. Introduction = 1178
• 9.1. Organization of German Sports and Sports Law = 1178
• 9.1.1. German Sports Generally = 1182
• 9.1.2. Legal Form of German Sports Organizations = 1183
• 9.1.3. The German Cartel Law(Kartellgestz) ; The German Unfair Competition Law = 1183
• 9.1.4. Employment Contracts of German Athletes = 1184
• 9.1.5. Player Unions ; CBAs ; Strikes in German Pro Sports = 1184
• 9.2. Judicial Review of Decisions, Resolutions and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies = 1185
• 9.2.1. General Remarks = 1185
• 9.2.2. Justiciable Controversy = 1186
• 9.2.3. Imposition of Sanctions = 1186
• 9.2.4. Scope of Judicial review = 1186
• 9.2.5. Judicial Review of Rulings, Resolutions and Rules of International Sports Governing Bodies = 1193
• 9.2.6. Liquidated Damages = 1196
• 9.2.7. International Matters : Foreign Policy Issues = 1196
• 9.2.8. Internal Arbitration Mechanisms : Jurisdiction of German Courts ; Injunctive Relief = 1196
• 9.2.9. Examples : Two Court Decisions = 1200
• (ⅰ) Advertising on soccer jerseys : the "London" case = 1200
• (ⅱ) Team name change : German pro soccer = 1202
• 9.2.10. Substance Abuse Cases ; "Strict Liability" Drug Regulations = 1202
• 9.3. The German Ice Hockey Association("DEB"), Its Leagues, Teams and Regulations = 1203
• 9.3.1. Overview = 1203
• 9.3.2. German Ice Hockey Leagues = 1203
• 9.3.3. DEB Charter and Regulations = 1204
• 9.3.4. DEB Internal Organs／Tribunals ; Attempted Ouster of Courts = 1204
• 9.3.5. Contractual Relationships = 1205
• 9.3.6. DEB Player Authorization, Retention and Transfer System = 1206
• 9.3.7. Transfer Fees = 1209
• 9.3.8. German Players Signed by NHL Clubs : The NHL-IIHF Agreement = 1211
• 9.3.9. Media Rights ; Advertising = 1212
• 9.3.10. Players' Union ; CBA = 1212
• 9.4. German Pro Soccer = 1213
• 9.4.1. Introduction = 1213
• 9.4.2. Exclusion of a Team from League Play = 1213
• 9.4.3. Legal Status of Licensed Pro Soccer Players ; Players' Union ; CBA = 1216
• 9.4.4. Player Transfer Restrictions in German Pro Soccer = 1218
• (ⅰ) Introduction = 1218
• (ⅱ) Conditions for players changing teams = 1218
• (ⅲ) The transfer fee = 1219
• (ⅳ) The transfer list = 1219
• (ⅴ) The protected list = 1220
• (ⅵ) Legality of transfer fees under German Law = 1220
• (ⅶ) EC Law regarding transfer fees = 1221
• 9.4.5. Nationality Restrictions in German Pro Soccer and Other Sports = 1221
• 9.4.6. German Cartel Law : Nationality Restrictions and Post-Contractual Transfer Fees = 1222
• 9.5. German Pro Basketball = 1223
• 9.6. Blocking Competing Organizations ; Boycotts and Blackballing = 1224
• 9.7. Jurisdictional Matters = 1225
• 9.7.1. Jurisdiction Over International Sports Governing Bodies = 1225
• 9.7.2. Jurisdictional Rules of German Courts = 1226
• (ⅰ) Tort and non-contractual civil wrongs = 1226
• A. German domestic rules = 1226
• B. Brussels Convention = 1226
• 9.7.3. contractual Matters = 1227
• 9.8. German Teams in Foreign-Based Leagues ; New German Leagues = 1227
• 9.9. Sports Facility Leases = 1228
• Exhibit A : Standard Player Contract of the DEL German Ice Hockey League GmbH(Author's English translation) = 1230
• Exhibit B : Standard Agreement Between Hockey Player and German Ice Hockey Federation("DEB")(Author's English Translation) = 1234
• Exhibit C : Standard Arbitration Agreement between Hockey Player and DEB(Author's English Translation) = 1237
• Exhibit D : Standard Agreement Between Hockey Club and DEB(Author's English Translation) = 1239
• Exhibit E : Standard Arbitration Agreement Between Hockey Player and His Club(Author's English Translation) = 1241
• Exhibit F : Transfer Catalogue(Regarding Transfer Fees) of the German Ice Hockey Federation("DEB")(Author's English Translation) = 1243
• Exhibit G : Model German-Style Lease of Sports Facility(Author's English Translation) = 1245
• Exhibit H : Model German-Style Lease of Gymnasium(Author's English Translation) = 1247
• Chapter 10 Greece
• 10.0. Introduction = 1250
• 10.1. Public Administration of Greek Sports = 1250
• 10.2. Greek Constitution ; Greek Sports Legislation and Government Policy = 1250
• 10.3. On Greek Federation Per Sport ; National Team Participation = 1252
• 10.4. The Greek Olympic Committee = 1253
• 10.5. Judicial Review of Rulings, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies and Their Domestic Tribunals = 1253
• 10.6. Greek Pro Soccer = 1254
• 10.6.1. Caveat = 1254
• 10.6.2. Overview = 1254
• 10.6.3. Greek Pro Soccer : Divisions and Clubs = 1255
• 10.6.4. Legal Status of Pro Soccer Players = 1255
• 10.6.5. Nationality Restrictions ; Other Aspects = 1256
• 10.6.6. Player Retention and Transfer System ; Transfer Fees = 1257
• 10.7. Greek Pro Basketball = 1258
• 10.7.1. Overview and History = 1258
• 10.7.2. The Greek Pro League(ESAK) and its Clubs = 1259
• 10.7.3. Who Are the Players? = 1259
• 10.7.4. Nationality Restrictions in Greek Pro Basketball = 1261
• 10.7.5. Pro Basketball Players' Legal Status = 1261
• 10.7.6. Greek League Player Contracts ; Analysis = 1261
• 10.7.7. Example of Player Contract : American Playing on an ESAK Club = 1263
• 10.8. Direct Expansion of North American Pro Sports to Greece = 1263
• 10.9. Sports Agents = 1264
• 10.10. Sports Marketing in Greece = 1265
• Exhibit A : Player Contract Between American Basketball Player and Club of Greek Pro Basketball League(ESAK) = 1266
• Chapter 11 Italy
• 11.0. Introduction = 1273
• 11.1. Italian Sports = 1274
• 11.2. Italian Sports Legislation and Legal Structure = 1274
• 11.2.1. The Structure and Cast of Characters = 1274
• A. CONI = 1274
• B. Italian national sports federations = 1276
• C. Sports clubs = 1276
• D. Athletes = 1277
• 11.2.2. Judicial Review of Rulings, Decisions, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies = 1277
• A. Federation rules = 1277
• B. Domestic tribunals of Italian sports federations = 1278
• C. Jurisdiction of Italian courts = 1278
• D. Exhaustion of internal remedies = 1279
• E. "Formal" and "informal"("free") arbitration = 1280
• F. Technical rules of the game = 1281
• G. International aspects = 1281
• H. Interim judicial relief = 1281
• I. Dispute Resolution : trend since 1981 = 1281
• J. Substance Abuse ; "Strict Liability" Drug Regulations = 1283
• 11.2.3. Italian antitrust legislation = 1283
• 11.3. Professional Sports : Italy's Professional Sports Statute = 1285
• 11.3.1. Law No.91 of March 23, 1981 = 1285
• 11.3.2. Which Italian Sports／Athletes are Professional, Which Not? = 1291
• 11.3.3. A Few Observations = 1292
• 11.3.4. Nationality Restrictions in Italian Sports = 1295
• 11.4. Italian Basketball : The Series "A" League(Italy's Top League) = 1295
• 11.4.1. Introduction = 1295
• 11.4.2. The Italian League and Law No.91 of March 23, 1981 : Situation Prior to 1994 CBA = 1296
• A. Non-professional status = 1296
• B. The 1990 SPC and the 1988 CBA = 1296
• 11.4.3. The 1994 CBA, the New SPC, and Applicability of Law No.91 = 1297
• A. Changes in Italian basketball and the 1994 CBA = 1297
• B. The 1994-95 SPC = 1298
• 11.4.4. Nationality Restrictions = 1300
• 11.4.5. The Gregory("Cadillac") Anderson Arbitration : A Case Study = 1301
• 11.4.6. A Multinational "European Basketball League" = 1306
• 11.5. Italian Pro Soccer = 1306
• 11.6. The Jim Boni-Miran Schrott Case : Italian Ice Hockey = 1307
• 11.7. New or Expansion Pro Leagues or teams : Can They Exist and Function Without CONI and Federation Approval? = 1308
• Exhibit A : Standard Player Contract From 1990 Through 1993 of Italian Basketball League(Top League-Lega Societ$$\bprime a$$ Pallacanestro, Series A)(Author's English Translation) = 1312
• Exhibit B-1 : 1994 Italian CBA For Pro Basketball and New Standard Player Contract = 1315
• Exhibit B-2 : Official English Language Text of 1994-95 SPC(Series A Basketball) = 1329
• Exhibit C : American-Style Basketball Player Contract For American Player Playing in Top Italian(or Other Foreign) Leegue = 1331
• Exhibit D : Amendments Proposed by Italian Club to Contract in Exhibit C = 1338
• Exhibit E : Foreign Player Statement Form of the Italian Basketball League(Top League)(English Translation) = 1341
• Exhibit F : Italian Basketball Federation's Application For Player Card For an Athlete Having Come or Coming From a Foreign Federation or Country(English Translation) = 1343
• Exhibit G : Changes in Italian Basketball Structure : 1994-95 Season = 1345
• Exhibit H : Listing of Teams in Italian Basketball League(Top League) - Series A1 and Series A2 Teams = 1347
• Chapter 12 Netherlands
• 12.0. Introduction = 1348
• 12.1. The Structure of Sports Organizations = 1349
• 12.2. Dutch Pro Soccer : Collective Bargaining Agreement = 1350
• 12.3. Judicial Review by the Dutch Courts of Decisions and Resolutions of Sports Governing Bodies = 1351
• 12.3.1. General Rules = 1351
• 12.4. Rules of International Governing Bodies(Federations) =1354
• 12.5. Transfer Restrictions on Players : Pro Soccer = 1356
• 12.5.1. Transfer to Another Club While Player Still Under Contract = 1356
• 12.5.2. Transfer to Another Club Once Contract with Player's Team Has Ended = 1357
• 12.5.3. EC Law : Transfer Fees ; Nationality Restrictions and Other Issues = 1358
• 12.6. Nationality Restrictions in Dutch Sports = 1358
• 12.7. Growing Commercialism = 1359
• 12.8. Sports Agents = 1359
• 12.9. Direct Expansion into the Netherlands of North American Team Sports = 1359
• Chapter 13 Russia
• 13.0. Introduction = 1362
• 13.1. Legal Regulation of Russian Sports = 1362
• 13.1.1. Russian Sports Statutes = 1362
• 13.1.2. Russian(or former Soviet) Case Law Involving Sports = 1364
• 13.1.3. Rules and Regulations of Federations = 1365
• 13.2. Russian Ice Hockey = 1366
• 13.2.1. Introduction = 1366
• 13.2.2. The Inter-State Hockey League : Russia's Top League = 1368
• 13.2.3. The StCKA Russian Penguins = 1370
• (ⅰ) The American-Russian venture and resulting structure = 1370
• (ⅱ) Summary of venture's principal goals = 1375
• (ⅲ) Snapshot of the TsCKA RP under the venture = 1376
• 13.2.4. The Russian Ice Hockey Federation("RIHF") = 1377
• 13.2.5. Relationship Between Federation and MKL = 1379
• 13.2.6. Player Transfers = 1381
• (ⅰ) International transfers = 1381
• A. IIHF rules = 1381
• B. The NHL-IIHF Agreement : transfer fees and other features = 1382
• (ⅱ) Domestic transfers = 1383
• 13.2.7. Free Agency = 1385
• 13.2.8. Nationality Restrictions = 1386
• 13.2.9. Inter-State Hockey League Player Contracts ; Labor Relations = 1386
• 13.2.10. Grievance and Discipline : MKL, RIHF and IIHF Internal Recourses = 1389
• (ⅰ) Introduction = 1389
• (ⅱ) MKL recourses = 1389
• (ⅲ) RIHF recourses = 1390
• (ⅳ) IIHF recourses = 1392
• 13.2.11. Shakedown of Soviet and Russian NHL Players = 1393
• 13.3. Other Top Level Russian Sports = 1394
• 13.4. The 1994 St Petersburg Goodwill Games = 1395
• 13.5. Conclusion = 1395
• Exhibit A : Author's English Translation of Standard Player Contract of Central Sports Club of the Army("Red Army Hockey Club") Around 1991, Prior to Fall of Communism and Formation of the Inter-State Hockey League = 1397
• Exhibit B : Standard Player Contract of the TsCKA Russian Penguins(English Translation) = 1399
• Exhibit C : Unofficial Translation of Inter-State Hockey League Statute on Player Transfers = 1403
• Exhibit D : Player Contract Used by TsCKA Basketball Club Russia's Super League(Author's English Translation) = 1406
• Chapter 14 Switzerland
• 14.0. Introduction = 1412
• 14.1. Judicial Review of Decisions and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies = 1415
• 14.1.1. Game Rules／Rulings v. Law-Like Rules／Rulings ; Autonomy of Sports Governing Bodies = 1415
• 14.2. Swiss Court Decisions Involving Sports = 1421
• 14.2.1. Cases Prior to the Modern Era = 1421
• 14.2.2. Modern Era Cases = 1422
• A. Player／athlete transfers to other teams and leagues, nationality restrictions, and similar matters = 1422
• (ⅰ) Serviette Football Club v Perroud : transfer restrictions in Swiss semi-pro soccer 1976 Swiss Federal Supreme Court Decision = 1422
• (ⅱ) K. v Eishockeyclub K. : Swiss pro ice hockey - 1977 Decision = 1426
• (ⅲ) Hockey-Club Ambri-Piotta v Zuercher Schlittschuhclub und Obergericht des Kanton Zuerich : pro ice hockey - 1977 Swiss Federal Supreme Court = 1429
• (ⅳ) A., S. und V. v Fussballclub C. : waiting period／transfer restrictions on junior soccer players - 1977 Basel Civil Court Decision = 1431
• (ⅴ) Two early 1980s decisions on Swiss Soccer League's Revised Player Transfer Regulations ; objections to League's 1990 Regulations = 1433
• (ⅵ) Transfer restrictions in Swiss pro soccer : 1986 Federation Decision = 1435
• (ⅶ) H. v SEHV : nationality restrictions in Swiss ice hockey - 1991 St Gallen Cantonal Court Decision = 1435
• (ⅷ) Player transfers in Swiss team sports = 1437
• B. Cases involving bans, suspensions, disqualifications and fines = 1437
• (ⅰ) Foerster Brothers Case : 1981 Decision = 1437
• (ⅱ) Soccer Club zurich v National League of the Swiss Soccer Federation : 1982 Decision = 1437
• (ⅲ) Maendli Markus v Schweiz. Reit-und Fahrsportverband : 1986 Decision = 1437
• (ⅳ) Sandra Gasser Case : 1987 Decision = 1440
• (ⅴ) Kindle v F$$e'$$d$$e'$$ration Motocycliste Suisse : 1992 Decision = 1444
• (ⅵ) S. A. Olympique de Marseilles v U. E. F. A. - 1993 Decision = 1445
• (ⅶ) B. v G. : Disciplinary fines on athletes - 1993 Federal Supreme Court Decision = 1447
• C. Cases and principles involving sports arbitration = 1447
• (ⅰ) Swiss legislation and treaties = 1448
• (ⅱ) Domestic tribunals : are they true arbitral tribunals? = 1448
• (ⅲ) G. v F$$e'$$d$$e'$$ration Equestre Internationale et Tribunal Arbitral du Sport : 1993 Decision - is the Court of Arbitration for Sport("CAS") a true arbitral tribunal? = 1450
• (ⅳ) Arbitral decisions by the Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS) = 1452
• D. Short summary of the case law = 1452
• 14.3. International Sports Governing Bodies : Status in International Law ; Immunity = 1454
• 14.4. Legal Structure of Swiss Federations and Teams = 1455
• 14.5. Employment Contracts : Duty of Fidelity = 1455
• 14.6. Sports Marketing Contracts = 1457
• 14.7. Sports Agents = 1457
• 14.8. North American Ice Hockey Coming to Switzerland? = 1457
• Chapter 15 United Kingdom
• 15.0. Introduction = 1459
• 15.1. Sources of United Kingdom Sport Law = 1460
• 15.2. Organization of Sports in the United Kingdom ; Federations = 1460
• 15.3. The Role of Government in Sport, The Sports Council = 1462
• 15.4. Court Review of Decisions and Rulings of Sports Governing Bodies = 1462
• 15.5. Contractual Restrictions on Access to Courts = 1476
• 15.6. Review of International or Foreign Governing Body Rules and Rulings ; Sovereignty and Sovereign Immunity = 1477
• 15.7. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments = 1478
• 15.8. Cases involving Political Issues = 1480
• 15.9. British Antitrust Law : "Common Law Restraint of Trade" and Antitrust-Type Legislation = 1481
• 15.9.1. Common Law Restraint of Trade = 1481
• 15.9.2. English "Restraint of Trade" Sports Cases and Developments = 1482
• 15.9.3. Statutory Exemptions from "Restraint of Trade" Doctrine : The TULRA 1974 = 1504
• 15.10. The UK's Restrictive Practices Act 1976, Fair Trading Act 1973, and Competition Act 1980 = 1508
• 15.10.1. Restrictive Practices Act 1976(the "RTPA") = 1509
• 15.10.2. Fair Trading Act 1973 = 1513
• 15.10.3. competition Act 1980 = 1513
• 15.11. United Kingdom Monopolies Legislation = 1514
• 15.12. European Community Antitrust(or Competition) Law = 1516
• 15.13. Individual Torts ; Unlawful Conspiracy or Combination = 1516
• 15.14. Specific Performance of Personal Service Sports Contracts : Warren v Mendy = 1517
• 15.15. Sports Arbitration : The British Sports Arbitration Panel ; Independent Arbitration in English Pro Soccer = 1518
• 15.16. Current Player Restrictions in United Kingdom Pro Sports = 1519
• 15.17. Financial Data as to English Pro Soccer Clubs = 1521
• 15.18. ice Hockey in Britain : US Leagues Expanding = 1523
• 15.19. Professional Soccer and Other Sports : Standard or Model Contracts = 1523
• 15.20. Rugby Football : International and Domestic = 1523
• 15.21. Sports Agents = 1524
• Exhibit A-1 : Standard Player Contract of the Football League(Pro Soccer) = 1525
• Exhibit A-2 : Standard Agreement of Amendment to Exhibit A-1 Standard Player Contract = 1531
• Exhibit A-3 : Incentive Scheme 1993-94 Offered to Players by Clubs in The Football Association's Premier League = 1533
• Exhibit B : Representation Agreement by Which Pro Soccer Player Appoints Company His Representative For Contract and Transfer Negotiations and Other Commercial Dealings = 1535
• Exhibit C : Agreement by Which Pro Soccer Player Appoints Agent and Manager = 1536
• Exhibit D-1 : British Boxing Board of Control Limited Approved Boxer／Manager Agreement = 1538
• Exhibit D-2 : British Boxing Board of Control Limited Articles of Agreement Between Boxing Promoter and Boxer = 1542
• Exhibit E : Standard Form Sports Stadium Lease Agreement("Terms of Hire") of Crystal Palace Sports and Leisure Ltd. = 1547
• Chapter 16 Australia
• 16.0. Introduction = 1553
• 16.1. Sports Law Statute = 1554
• 16.2. Judicial Review of Rulings, Decisions, Rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies and Their Domestic Tribunals - Excluding Restraint of Trade and Trade Practices Act 1974 Cases = 1554
• 16.2.1. General Principles = 1554
• 16.2.2. Some Judicial Review Cases not Involving Common Law Restraint of Trade or Australia's Trade Practices Act 1974 = 1556
• 1. Cameron v Hogan - 1934 = 1556
• 2. Mckinnon v Grogan - 1974 = 1557
• 3. Ex Parte Appleton - 1981 = 1557
• 4. Malone v Marr - 1981 = 1558
• 5. Shepherd v South Australian Amateur Football League Inc. - 1987 = 1559
• 6. Smith v South Australian Hockey Association Inc. - 1988 = 1561
• 7. Calvin v Carr - 1988 = 1562
• 16.2.3. Ouster of Courts ; Exhaustion of Internal Remedies ; Exclusion of "Natural Justice" Principles = 1564
• 16.2.4. Immunity of International Sports Federations = 1564
• 16.3. Sports Cases Involving common Law Restraints of Trade and the Trade Practices Act 1974 = 1564
• 16.3.1. General Principles ; Possible Trends = 1564
• 16.3.2. Major Australian Restraint of Trade and Trade Practices Act 1974 Cases = 1569
• 1. Elford v Buckley - 1969 = 1569
• 2. Buckley v Tutty - 1971 = 1570
• 3. Hall v Victorian Football League - 1977 = 1572
• 4. In Re Adamson : Ex Parte W. A. National Football League - 1979 = 1573
• 5. Adamson v West Perth Football Club Incorporated and Others - 1979 = 1575
• 6. Foschini v Victorian Football League - 1983 = 1578
• 7. Barnard v Australian Soccer Federation - 1988 = 1579
• 8. Hawthorn Football Club v Harding - 1988 = 1583
• 9. Buckenara v Hawthorn Football Club Ltd. - 1988 = 1583
• 10. Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Association(Inc.) - 1988 = 1585
• 11. Adamson and Others v New South Wales Rugby League Ltd. - 1991 = 1587
• 12. News Limited v Australian Rugby Football League Limited and Others(the "Super League" Case 1996) = 1592
• 16.3.3. State Restraint of Trade Statutes = 1593
• 16.4. Professional Team athletes ; Unions and Collective Bargaining = 1593
• 16.4.1. Employee or Independent Contractor? = 1593
• 16.4.2. Ramifications of Team Athlete Being an Employee = 1593
• 16.4.3. Contract of Employment : Implied Terms = 1594
• 16.4.4. Player's Express Positive and Negative Performance Obligations = 1595
• 1. Express positive covenants = 1595
• 2. Express negative covenants = 1596
• 16.4.5. Unjust Dimissal ; Unfair or Unconscionable Contracts = 1597
• 16.4.7. Player Restrictions in Australian Pro Sports = 1599
• 16.4.8. "Registered" Players and Their Terms' Contractual Rights to Challenge Unauthorized League Body's Player suspensions = 1600
• 16.5. Sports Arbitration in Australia = 1601
• 16.6. Powers of Unincorporated Sports Associations = 1601
• 16.7. Australian Baseball ; the Australian Baseball League = 1602
• 16.7.1. An Overview = 1602
• 16.7.2. Australian Baseball League Administrative Rules and Regulations = 1610
• 16.8. Australian Basketball = 1614
• 16.9. Nationality and Quota Restrictions on Foreign Athletes = 1614
• Chapter 17 New Zealand
• 17.0. Introduction = 1616
• 17.1. Judicial Review of Rulings, Decisions, rules and Regulations of Sports Governing Bodies／domestic Tribunals - Excluding Restraint of Trade Cases = 1617
• 17.1.1. Preliminary Remarks = 1617
• 17.1.2. Some Decisions = 1618
• 1. Tucker v Auckland Racing Club - 1955 = 1618
• 2. Nicholson v New Zealand Kennel Club - 1968 = 1619
• 3. Temple v Hawke's Bay Football Association - 1970 = 1619
• 4. Stininato v Auckland Boxing Association - 1977-78 = 1620
• 5. Finnigan vn New Zealand Rugby Football Union Inc.(Nos. 1, 2 and 3) - 1985 = 1623
• 17.2. Restraint of Trade Cases Involving Sports = 1624
• 17.2.1. Preliminary Remarks = 1624
• 17.2.2. Some Decisions = 1625
• A. Blackler v New Zealand Rugby Football League(Inc.) - 1968 = 1625
• B. Kemp v New Zealand Rugby Football League(Inc.) - 1989 = 1628
• 17.2.3. Some Guiding Principles = 1631
• 17.3. Commerce Act of 1986 = 1631
• 17.4. Player Restictions in New Zealand Sports = 1632
• 17.5. Sports Administrators in New Zealand = 1632
• Chapter 18 Japan
• 18.0. Introduction = 1635
• 18.1. Sports and the Japanese ; Pro and Amateur Sports = 1636
• 18.1.1. Sports in Japanese Society = 1636
• 18.1.2. Sports in Schools = 1636
• 18.1.3. Company Sports = 1636
• 18.1.4. Pro and Amateur Sports = 1637
• 18.2. Japanese Sports Law = 1638
• 18.3. Japanese Legal System = 1640
• 18.3.1. General Pattern = 1640
• 18.3.2. Japanese Antitrust Law = 1640
• 18.3.3. Injunctive Relief = 1641
• 18.4. Japanese Court Decisions Involving Sports(Excluding "Sports Torts" and Sports Crimes) = 1642
• 18.5. Professional Baseball in Japan = 1644
• 18.5.1. Brief History of Japanese Baseball = 1645
• 18.5.2. Present Setup of JML Baseball = 1646
• 18.5.3. JML Baseball as a Commercial Enterprise = 1647
• 18.5.4. Style of Baseball ; Facilities = 1648
• 18.5.5. Quality of Japanese Players and Japanese Baseball = 1649
• 18.5.6. Japanese Philosophies, Values and Attitudes ; American Counterparts = 1649
• 18.5.7. Foreign Players and Managers in JML Baseball = 1654
• 18.5.8. Racism = 1658
• 18.5.9. Japanese Professional Baseball Agreement("JPBA") : Salient Points = 1658
• (ⅰ) Legal nature = 1658
• (ⅱ) Contents = 1659
• (ⅲ) Player contracts = 1659
• (ⅳ) JML annual baseball draft = 1663
• (ⅴ) Free agency in JML baseball = 1666
• 18.5.10. Contract and Leagal Disputes = 1667
• (ⅰ) The Egawa case = 1667
• (ⅱ) Salary arbitration : Hiromitsu Ochiai = 1668
• (ⅲ) The Randy Bass Contract dispute = 1669
• (ⅳ) US, Major League Baseball and JML Baseball : interleague tampering and player raiding = 1670
• 18.5.11. Japanese Players and Their Compensation = 1670
• 18.5.12. Players' Union = 1673
• 18.5.13. Transfer Compensation = 1674
• 18.5.14. Lebel Cases Involving Pro Baseball = 1674
• 18.5.15. Japanese Baseball on American Television = 1674
• 18.5.16. Increased Collaboration Between MLB and the JML = 1674
• 18.6. Japanese Pro Soccer : The J-League = 1675
• 18.6.1. Overview = 1675
• 18.6.2. The J-League's Organizational STructure = 1678
• 18.6.3. Matters Regulated by the JLA = 1679
• 18.6.4. Standard Player Contract("SPC") = 1683
• 18.6.5. Players' Union = 1686
• 18.6.6. Dipute Resolution = 1686
• 18.6.7. The J-League as a Commercial Enterprise = 1686
• 18.7. Establishment of a Pro Volleyball League? = 1690
• 18.8. Pro-Football(American Style) : An NFL-Engineered Japanese Pro League? = 1691
• 18.9. The NBA in Japan = 1691
• 18.10. American Pro Baseball Expanding to Japan? 1692
• 18.11. Japanese and Other Asians in American Pro Sports = 1692
• 18.12. Sports Crimes and Sports Torts(Sports Accidents) = 1693
• 18.12.1. Criminal Cases Relating to Sports Incidents = 1694
• 18.12.2. Civil Cases on Sports Accidents = 1694
• (ⅰ) Player Liability = 1696
• (ⅱ) Cases dealing with liability under Sections 715 and 717, Civil Code, and governmental liability under Law No.125 = 1696