Cantarow and Trumper, Clinical biochemistry : with a chapter on Hormone assay and endocrine function

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM = 1
• Digestion and Absorption = 1
• Dissaccharidase Deficiency = 3
• Fate of Absorbed Carbohydrates = 4
• Endogenous Sources of Glucose = 4
• Utilization of Glucose = 5
• Storage = 5
• Oxidation = 5
• Conversion to Fat = 5
• Conversion to Other Carbohydrates = 6
• Conversion to Amino Acids = 6
• General Processes in Carbohydrate Metabolism = 6
• Anaerobic Metabolism(Glycolysis) = 7
• Aerobic Metabolism of Glucose = 11
• Alternate Aerobic Pathway(Pentose Shunt) = 12
• Role of Liver in Carbohydrate Metabolism = 13
• Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis = 13
• Gluconeogenesis = 14
• Assimilation of CO₂= 14
• Muscle in Carbohydrate Metabolism = 15
• Glycogenesis = 15
• Glycolysis = 15
• Muscle Contraction = 16
• Interrelation of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein Metabolism = 17
• Endocrine Influences in Carbohydrate Metabolism = 18
• Insulin = 18
• Adrenocortical Hormones = 24
• Anterior Pituitary Factors = 25
• Epinephrine = 26
• Thyroid Hormone = 26
• Glucagon = 26
• Normal Postabsorptive Blood Sugar = 27
• Glucose in Body Fluids other than Blood = 28
• Sugars Other than Glucose in Body Fluids = 29
• Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration = 30
• Rate of Supply of Glucose to Blood = 30
• Rate of Removal of Glucose from Blood = 31
• Fundamental Regulatory Mechanis = 32
• Experimental Diabetes Mellitus = 33
• Total Pancreatectormy = 33
• Subtotal Pancreatectomy = 34
• Alloxan Administration = 34
• Administration of Adrenocortical Hormones = 35
• Anterior Pituitary Extracts = 35
• Thyroid Administration = 35
• Carbohydrate Metabolism in Hypophysectomized-Depancreatized Animals = 35
• Normal Alimentary Reaction(Absorptive Response) = 36
• Sugar Tolerance = 36
• Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test = 38
• Mechanis of Production of the Normal Glucose Tolerance Curve = 39
• Factors Influencing Absorptive Blood Sugar Response = 40
• The One-hour, Two-dose Glucose Tolerance Test = 42
• Effect of Other Sugars = 43
• Galactose Tolerance = 44
• Insulin Tolerance Test = 44
• Insulin-Glucose Tolerance Test = 44
• Cortisone and Prednisone Glucose Tolerance Tests = 45
• Cortisone = 45
• Prednisone = 45
• Tolbutamide Tolerance Test = 45
• Plasma Insulin Levels = 46
• Epinephrine Tolerance Test = 46
• Phenomena Associated with Normal Alimentary Glucose Reaction = 46
• Decreased Serum Phosphate = 46
• Decreased Serum Potassium = 47
• Increased Respiratory Quotient = 47
• Abnormalities of Postabsorptive Blood Sugar Level = 47
• Fasting Hyperglycemia = 47
• Diabetes Mellitits = 47
• Hyperthyroidism = 49
• Increased Secretion of Epinephrine = 50
• Adrenal Cortical Hyperfunction = 51
• Hyperpitttitarism = 51
• Anesthesia, Asphyxia, Hypnotics = 51
• Acidemia = 53
• Hepatic Disease = 53
• Miscellaneous = 53
• Fasting Hypoglycemia = 54
• Hyperinsulinism = 54
• Hepatic Disease = 56
• Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency = 57
• Anterior Pituitary Insufficiency = 57
• Hypothyroidism = 58
• Nervous System Disorders = 58
• Miscellaneous = 58
• Abnormal Alimentary Response = 58
• Exaggerated Response - Diminished Glucose Tolerance = 58
• Diabetes Mellitus = 60
• Hepatic and Biliary Tract Disease = 63
• Hyperthyroidism = 64
• Hyperfunction of the Anterior HTpophysis and Adrenal Cortex = 64
• Pregnancy = 64
• Miscellaneous = 65
• Decreased Response - Increased Glucose Tolerance = 66
• Hyperinsulinism = 66
• Adrenocortical Insufficiency = 67
• Adenohypophyseal Hypofunction = 68
• Hypothyroidism = 69
• Miscellaneous = 70
• Abnormal Insulin Tolerance = 70
• Abnormal Cortisone-Glucose and Prednisone-Glucose Tolerance Tests = 72
• Abnormal Tolbutamide Tolerance Test = 72
• Abnormal Plasma Insulin Levels = 72
• Obesity = 72
• Diabetes Mellitus = 73
• Insulinoma = 74
• Other Pancreatic Disorders = 74
• Abnormal Epinephrine Tolerance Test = 74
• Abnormal Tolerance for Other Sugars = 74
• Abnormal Fructose Tolerance = 74
• Abnormal Galactose Tolerance = 75
• Blood Lactic Acid and Pyruvic Acid = 76
• Hyperlactaternia and Lactic Acidosis = 77
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis = 78
• Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis = 79
• Glycogen Storage Diseases = 79
• Type Ⅰ Glycogenosis(von Gierke's Disease) = 80
• Type Ⅱ Glycogenosis(Pompe's Disease) = 80
• Type Ⅲ Glycogenosis(Limit Dextrinosis) = 81
• Type Ⅳ Glycogenosis(Amylopectinosis) = 81
• Type Ⅴ Glycogenosis(McArdle's Disease) = 81
• Type Ⅵ Glycogenosis(Hers' Disease) = 81
• Type Ⅶ Glycogenosis = 81
• Glycogen Storage Deficiency = 82
• Excretion of Sugar in Urine = 82
• Mechanism of Glycosuria(Glucosuria) = 82
• Other Sugars in Urine = 83
• Abnormal Urine Sugar(Melituria) = 83
• Glycosuria = 83
• Nonhyperglycemic Glycosuria = 83
• Hyperglycemic Glycosuria = 85
• Fructosuria = 87
• Pentosuria = 88
• Lactosuria = 88
• Galactosuria ; Galactosemia = 89
• Maltosuria = 89
• References = 89
• Chapter 2 LIPID METABOLISM = 91
• Fats(Triglycerides) = 93
• Phosphatidyl Derivatives(Phosphoglycerides) = 94
• Prostaglandins = 95
• Steroids = 96
• Lipoproteins = 97
• Digestion and Absorption = 98
• Triglycerides = 98
• Sterols = 99
• Phosphoglycerides = 100
• Fat-soluble Vitamins = 100
• Fecal Fat = 100
• Metabolism of Fat = 101
• Immediate Fate of Dietary Lipid = 101
• Anabolism and Catabolism of Fatty Acids = 102
• Anabolism and Catabolism of Lipids = 105
• Lipid Mobilization = 105
• Metabolic Interrelations of Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins = 106
• Ketosis = 109
• Fat in Feces = 110
• Fat in Urine = 111
• Metabolism of Phospholipids = 111
• Turnover = 112
• Catabolism = 112
• Metabolism of Sterols and Bile Acids = 112
• Catabolism and Excretion of Cholesterol ; Conversion to Bile Acids = 113
• Transport of Lipids = 114
• State of Lipids in Blood ; Lipoproteins = 115
• Ultracentrifugation = 115
• Chylomicrons = 115
• Very Low-density Lipoproteins = 116
• Low-density Lipoproteins = 116
• High-density Lipoproteins = 116
• Very High-density Lipoproteins = 116
• Electrophoresis of Plasma Lipoproteins = 116
• Postabsorptive Plasma Lipid Concentration = 117
• Influence of Food and Nutrition = 119
• Influence of Age and Sex = 121
• Pregnancy = 121
• Deposition and Storage of Lipids = 122
• Role of Adipose Tissue in Lipid Metabolism = 122
• Role of Liver in Lipid Metabolism = 124
• Fatty Liver and Lipotropism = 125
• Lipidosis, Xanthomatosis = 129
• Abnormalities of Plasma Lipids = 131
• Plasma Lipoprotein Abnormalities = 131
• Hyperlipoproteinemia = 134
• Type Ⅰ = 134
• Type Ⅱ = 134
• Type Ⅲ = 135
• Type Ⅳ = 135
• Type Ⅴ = 135
• Hypolipoproteinemia = 136
• A-beta-lipoproteinemia = 136
• Hypobeta-lipoproteinemia = 136
• Tangier Disease = 136
• Lecithin : Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency = 137
• Hypercholesterolemia = 137
• Diabetes Mellitus = 137
• Anesthesia = 138
• The Nephrotic Syndrome = 138
• Hepatic and Biliary Tract Disease = 139
• Hypothyroidism = 140
• Atherosclerosis = 141
• Xanthomatosis = 141
• Miscellaneous = 141
• Hypocholesterolemia = 142
• Anemia = 142
• Hepatic Disease = 142
• Infection = 143
• Hyperthyroidism = 143
• Inanition = 144
• Terminal States = 144
• Miscellaneous = 145
• References = 145
• Chapter 3 PROTFIN METABOILISM = 147
• Digestion and Absorption = 148
• Dynamic State = 150
• Metabolic Pool = 151
• Over-all Metabolism of Protein = 152
• Nitrogen of the Food = 152
• Nitrogen of the Body = 152
• Excretion of Nitrogen = 152
• Nitrogen Balance = 153
• Essential Amino Acids = 154
• Biological Value of Proteins = 156
• Dietary Protein Requirements = 156
• Intermediary Metabolism = 158
• Protein Turnover = 158
• General Pathways of Protein Metabolism = 158
• Interrelations of the Metabolism of Proteins and Other Foodstuffs = 162
• Endocrine Influences in Protein Metabolism = 164
• Growth Hormone = 164
• Androgen = 165
• Adrenal Glucocorticoids = 165
• Insulin = 165
• Thyroid Hormones = 166
• Glucagon = 166
• Nitrogenous Constituents of the Blood = 166
• The Plasma Proteins = 166
• Identity and Properties = 166
• Methods of Study = 168
• Metabolism = 173
• Functions = 173
• Nonprotein Nitrogen = 177
• Urea = 178
• Uric Acid = 178
• Creatinine = 178
• Amino Acids = 178
• Ammonia = 179
• Undetermined Nitrogen(Rest Nitrogen) = 179
• Nitrogen Excretion = 179
• Urea = 186
• Uric Acid = 180
• Creatine and Creatinine = 180
• α-Amino Acids = 181
• Ammonia = 182
• Plasma Protein Abnormalities = 182
• Total Plasma(Serum) Protein = 183
• Fibrinogen = 184
• Albumin = 185
• Prealbumins = 189
• Globulins = 190
• Serum Protein Abnormalities in Disease = 200
• Globulin Reactions = 205
• Zinc Sulfate Turbidity = 205
• Cephalin-Cholesterol Flocculation Test = 206
• Thymol Turbidity Test = 206
• Abnormal Blood Nonprotein Nitrogen = 207
• Urea Nitrogen = 207
• Uric Acid = 209
• Creatinine = 209
• Amino Acid Nitrogen = 210
• Ammonia = 211
• Total Nonprotein Nitrogen = 211
• Abnormal Urinary Nitrogen = 212
• Proteinuria = 212
• Benign Albuminuria = 214
• Organic Albuminuria = 215
• Quantity of Protein in Urine = 218
• Other Proteins in Urine = 219
• Urinary Nonprotein Nitrogen = 220
• Urinary Urea = 220
• Uric Acid in Urine = 222
• Creatine and Creatinine in Urine = 222
• Amino Acids in Urine = 223
• Ammonia in Urine = 229
• Negative Nitrogen Balance in Disease = 229
• Disorders of the Urea Cycle = 230
• Argininosuccinic Aciduria = 230
• Citrullinemia = 231
• Hyperargininemia = 231
• Hyperammonemia = 231
• Congo Red Test for Amyloidosis = 231
• Acid Mucopolysaccharides = 232
• The Mucopolysaccharidoses = 233
• References = 234
• Chapter 4 NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM = 235
• Biosynthesis = 237
• Digestion and Absorption = 239
• Interrelations of Metabolism of Nucleic Acids with Other Foodstuffs = 239
• Biological Significance of Nucleic Acids = 240
• Viruses = 240
• Chromosomes - Genes = 241
• "Transforming Substance" of Bacteria = 243
• Role of Nucleic Acids in Mutation and Carcinogenesis = 243
• Role of Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis = 244
• Cancer Chemotherapy = 249
• Antimetabolites = 249
• Alkylating Agents = 249
• Other Anticancer Substances = 250
• Drug Combinations = 250
• Free Nucleotides of Biological importance = 250
• Nucleoside Triphosphates = 250
• Coenzymes = 250
• Cyclic Nucleoside Monophosphates = 251
• Intermediary Metabolism = 251
• Purines and Pyrarnidines = 252
• Uric Acid = 253
• Orotic Aciduria = 259
• References = 259
• Chapter 5 METABOLISM OF HEMOGLOBIN AND PORPHYRINS = 260
• Biosynthesis of Porphyrins and Hemoglobin = 262
• Catabolism of Hemoglobin = 265
• Haptoglobins = 265
• Varieties of Human Hemoglobin = 266
• Abnormal Hemoglobins = 267
• Detection of Hemoglobinopathy = 270
• Hemoglobinemia ; Hemoglobinuria = 270
• Myoglobinuria = 271
• Abnormal Hemoglobin Derivatives = 272
• Methemoglobin = 272
• Sulfhemoglobin = 273
• Carboxyhemoglobin = 273
• Methemalbuminemia = 273
• Porphyria and Porphyrinuria = 274
• Porphyria = 275
• Erythropoietic Porphyrias = 276
• Hepatic Porphyrias = 276
• Acquired Porphyrinurias = 278
• References = 278
• Chapter 6 CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE METABOLISM = 279
• Absorption = 280
• Deposition and Mobilization of Bone Minerals = 281
• Calcitonin = 284
• Interrelations of Citrate and Calcium Metabolism = 285
• Mechanism of Regulation of Serum Calcium Concentration = 285
• Blood Calcium and Phosphate = 287
• Parathyroid Hormone = 289
• Vitamin D = 290
• Calcitonin = 290
• Plasma Proteins = 290
• Plasma Phosphate = 291
• Acid-base Equilibrium = 291
• Miscellaneous = 291
• Miscellaneous Factors = 291
• Excretion = 292
• Calcium and Phosphorus Requirement = 293
• Calcium Content of Other Body Fikiids = 294
• Abnormal Serum Calcium = 294
• Hypercalcemia = 294
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism = 294
• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism = 295
• Familial Hyperparathyroidism = 296
• Diagnostic Aids in Hyperparathyroidism = 296
• Hypervitaminosis(Vitamin D) = 297
• Multiple Myeloma = 297
• Neoplastic Disease = 298
• Immobilization = 298
• Sarcoidosis = 298
• Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia = 299
• Milk and Alkali Intoxication = 299
• Miscellaneous = 300
• Hypocalcemia = 300
• Hypoparathyroidism = 300
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism = 301
• Pseudo-pseudohypothyroidism = 301
• Vitamin D Deficiency(Rickets and Osteomalacia) = 302
• Steatorrhea = 302
• Starvation = 302
• Nephrotic Syndrome = 303
• Chronic Renal Failure = 303
• Maternal Tetany = 305
• Neonatal Hypocalcemia = 305
• Acute Pancreatitis = 305
• Anticonvulsants = 305
• Magnesium, Oxalate and Citrate Tetany = 305
• Alkalemia = 306
• Miscellaneous = 306
• Abnormal Urine Calcium = 307
• Increased Urinary Calcium = 307
• Hyperparathyroidism = 307
• Hyperthyroidism = 307
• Acidemia =307
• Hypervitaminosis D = 307
• Idiopathic Hypercalciuria = 308
• Miscellaneous = 308
• Decreased Urinary Calcium = 308
• Hypoparathyroidism = 308
• Vitamin D Deficiency = 308
• Hypothyroidism = 308
• Miscellaneous = 308
• Abnormal Fecal Calcium = 309
• Hyperphosphatemia = 309
• Hypervitaminosis(Vitamin D) = 309
• Hypoparathyroidism = 309
• Renal Failure = 309
• Healing Eractures = 310
• Miscellaneous = 310
• Hypophosphatemia = 310
• Rickets = 310
• Osteomalacia = 310
• Idiopathic Steatorrhea = 311
• Hyperparathyroidism = 311
• Fanconi Syndrome = 311
• Renal Tubular Acidosis = 311
• Vitamin D-resistant Rickets = 311
• Miscellaneous = 312
• Abnormal Urinary Phosphate = 312
• Disturbances of Bone Formation and Mineralization = 313
• References = 315
• Chapter 7 MAGNESIUM METABOLISM = 316
• Absorption and Excretion = 316
• Blood Magnesium = 317
• Abnormal Serum Magnesium = 317
• References = 318
• Chapter 8 IRON METABOLISM = 319
• Absorption and Excretion = 320
• Transport = 322
• Utilization ; Storage = 323
• Requirement = 325
• Abnormal Iron Metabolism = 325
• References = 326
• Chapter 9 SULFUR METABOLISM = 327
• Absorption = 327
• Intermediary Metabolism = 327
• Sulfur in Blood = 328
• Excretion = 328
• Reference = 329
• Chapter 10 IODINE METABOLISM = 330
• Absorption and Excretion = 330
• Blood Iodine = 331
• Distribution and Intermediary Metabolism = 331
• Abnormal Iodine Metabolism = 333
• References = 333
• Chapter 11 TRACEELEMENTS = 334
• Copper = 334
• Absorption ; Excretion ; Metabolism = 334
• Function ; Deficiency Manifestations = 335
• Cobalt =337
• Zinc = 337
• Fluorine = 338
• Other Essential Trace Elements = 338
• References = 338
• Chapter 12 WATER, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM : PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS = 339
• Water Intake = 339
• Water Output = 340
• Feces = 340
• Insensible Perspiration = 341
• Perspiration = 341
• Urine = 341
• Equilibrium Requirements = 341
• Volume of Body Fluid Compartments = 342
• Volume of Body Fluid Compartments = 343
• Blood and Plasma Volume = 343
• Total Extracellular Fluid Volume = 344
• Total Body Water = 345
• Composition of Body Fluid Compartments = 346
• Milliequivalents(mEq.) = 346
• Molar Concentration = 347
• Osmolality = 347
• Extracellular Fluid = 348
• Intracellular Fluid = 351
• Exchanges Between Fluid Compartments = 352
• Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium = 353
• Plasm : Interstitial Fluid Exchage = 354
• Interstitial Fluid : Intracellular Fluid Exchange = 355
• Regulatory Mechanisms = 357
• Renin-Angiotensin System = 360
• Sodium, Potassium, Chloride = 360
• Absorption and Excretion = 361
• Excretion in Urine = 361
• Excretion by the Skin = 363
• Excretion in Digestive Fluids = 363
• Normal Blood Na, Cl, and K = 364
• Distribution and Intermediary Metabolism = 365
• Chapter 13 WATER, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM : ABNORMALITIES = 368
• Deficits of Water, Sodium, Chloride, Potassium = 368
• Dehydration = 368
• Routes of Loss = 369
• General Principles in Electrolyte Abnormalities = 370
• Biochemical Consequences of Dehydration = 374
• Gastrointestinal Disorders = 375
• Diabetes Mellitus = 376
• Kidney Disease = 376
• Excessive Sweating = 378
• Congestive Heart Failure = 378
• Cerebral Disorders = 379
• Pulmonary Neoplasms = 379
• Adrenocortical Insufficiency(Addison's Disease) = 379
• Excessive Therapy = 379
• Primary Water Deficit = 380
• Excesses of Water, Sodium, Chloride = 380
• Renal Disease = 380
• Congestive Heart Failure = 381
• Liver Disease = 381
• Toxemia of Pregnancy = 381
• Adrenocortical Hyperfunction = 382
• Postoperative Response = 382
• Miscellaneous Sodium and Chloride Abnormalities = 382
• Potassium Abnormalities = 383
• General Principles = 383
• Starvation ; Malnutrition = 385
• Administration of NaCl and Glucose Solutions = 385
• Gastrointestinal Disorders = 386
• Diabetic Acidosis = 387
• Adrenocortical Hormones = 387
• Diuretic Drugs = 387
• Familial Hyperkalemic Paralysis = 388
• Potassium Therapy = 388
• Postoperative States = 388
• Renal Disease and Malfunction = 389
• Familial Periodic Paralysis = 390
• Miscellaneous = 390
• Abnormal Blood Volume = 391
• Increased Blood Volume = 391
• Decreased Blood Volume = 391
• Transudates and Exudates = 393
• Specific Gravity = 393
• Protein = 393
• Glucose = 395
• Chloride = 395
• Lipid = 395
• Other Constituents = 397
• References = 397
• Chapter 14 HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN BODY FLUIDS = 399
• Acids and Baies = 400
• physiological Buffer Systems = 402
• Buffer Action of Hernoglobin = 402
• Buffer Systems for H₂CO₃(CO₂) = 403
• Buffer Systems for Nonvolatile Acids = 405
• Net Effect of Buffer Mechanisms = 406
• Bone = 406
• Respiratory Regulation = 406
• Renal Regulation = 407
• Intracellular-Extracellular pH Interrelations = 412
• Abnormalities of Hydrogen Ion Concentration = 413
• Acidosis = 416
• Primary Excess of Acid = 416
• Respiratory Acidosis = 416
• Nonrespiratory Acidosis = 417
• Primary Reduction of Base = 421
• Nonrespiratory Acidosis = 421
• Alkalosis = 421
• Primar Acid Deficit = 422
• Respiratory Alkalosis = 422
• Nonrespiratory Alkalosis = 423
• Primary Excess of Base = 424
• Nonrespiratory Alkalosis = 424
• Mixed Disturbances of Acid-Base Status = 425
• Methods of Studying Acid-Base Status =426
• CO₂content of Plasma = 427
• Carbon Dioxide Combining Power of the Plasma = 428
• Blood CO₂ Tension = 429
• Astrup Microtechnique = 429
• Determination of pH of Blood, Plasma, or Serum = 429
• Other Methods of Investigation = 430
• References = 432
• Chapter 15 RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE AND BASAL METABOLISM = 433
• Chemical Control of Respiration = 435
• Influence of CO₂ Tension and pH = 436
• Influence of O₂ Tension = 436
• Transport of Oxygen = 436
• Dissociation of Oxyhemoglobin = 437
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide = 440
• CO₂ in Arterial Blood = 440
• Entrance of CO₂ in Tissues = 440
• Hypoxia = 442
• Hypoxic Hypoxia = 442
• Anemic Hypoxia = 443
• Stagnant Hypoxia = 443
• Histotoxic Hypoxia = 444
• Relative Hypoxia = 444
• Energy Metabolism = 444
• Caloric Value of Foods = 444
• Heat Production = 445
• Respiratory Quotient = 445
• Calorimetry = 448
• Direct Calorimetry = 449
• Indirect Calorimetry = 449
• Basal Metabolism = 450
• Physiological Variations in BMR = 450
• Specific Dynamic Action(SDA) of Foods = 451
• Total Metabolism(Caloric Requirement) = 452
• Clinical Significance of BMR = 453
• References = 453
• Chapter 16 RENAL FUNCTION = 454
• Morphological Features of Function Importance = 455
• Glomerular Filtration = 457
• Tubular Function = 459
• Reabsorption = 459
• Tublar Excretion and Synthesis = 465
• Competition for Transport Mechanisms = 465
• Water Homeostasis = 466
• Diuretics = 468
• Characteristics of Normal Urine = 470
• Volume = 470
• Specific Gravity = 470
• Acidity = 471
• Nonprotein Nitrogenous Constituents = 472
• Allantoin = 475
• Oxalic Acid = 475
• Glucuronic Acid = 476
• Hippuric Acid(Benzoylglycine) = 476
• Citric Acid = 476
• Other Organic Acids = 477
• Ketone Bodies = 477
• Sulfur-containing Compounds = 477
• Phosphate = 478
• Chloride = 478
• Sodium ; Potassium = 479
• Calcium ; Magnesium = 479
• Carbohydrates = 480
• Miscellaneous = 480
• Clinical Study of Renal Function = 481
• Clearance Tests = 481
• Glomerular Filtration = 482
• Renal Blood Flow = 487
• Maximum Tubular Excretory Capacity = 488
• Percentage Tubular Reabsorption = 489
• Filtration Fraction = 489
• Maximum Tubular Reabsorption Capacity = 490
• Other Clearance Procedures = 490
• Elimination of Water = 491
• Comparison of Fluid Intake and Fluid Output = 491
• Oliguria ; Anuria = 492
• Water Function Test(Dilution Test) = 494
• Elimination of Solid - Urine Specific Gravity = 495
• Concentration Test of Renal Function = 496
• The Two-hour Specific Gravity Test = 496
• The Urine Concentration Test = 497
• Significance of Hyposthenuria = 498
• Elimination of Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances = 501
• Urinary Studies = 501
• Simultaneous Study of Blood and Urine = 501
• Blood Urea Clearance = 501
• Endogenous Creatinine Clearance = 506
• Blood Nitrogen Studies = 507
• Renal Functional Impairment = 507
• Prerenal Deviation of Water = 507
• Excessive Protein Catabolism = 508
• Blood Nonprotein Nitrogen in Renal Disease = 509
• Urea in Other Body Fluids = 514
• Elimination of Foreign Substances = 515
• The Phenolsulfonphthalein Test = 515
• Localization of Renal Functional Defect = 518
• Acute Glomerulonephritis = 518
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis = 520
• Tubular Nephroses(Acute Renal Failure) = 522
• Pyelonephritis = 522
• Benign Nephrosclerosis(Essential Hypertension) = 523
• Malignant Nephrosclerosis(Necrotizing Arteriolitis) = 523
• The Nephrotic Syndrome = 523
• Toxemias of Pregnancy = 524
• Congestive Heart Failure = 526
• Other Biochemical Manifestations of Chronic Renal Insufficiency(Chronic Renal Failure) = 526
• Na and Cl Depletion ; Dehydration = 526
• Serum K Abnormalities = 528
• Hypermagnesemia = 528
• Hyppocalcemia ; Hypercalciuria ; Osteodystrophy = 528
• Acidosis = 529
• Hypoproteinerma = 530
• Plasma Insulin = 531
• Plasma Lipids = 531
• Phenol and Other Organic Substances = 531
• Anemia = 533
• Renal Tubular Functional Defects = 533
• Renal Glycosuria = 534
• Albuminuria = 534
• Renal Aminoaciduria = 534
• Cystinuria = 535
• Hartnup Syndrome = 536
• Prolinuria(Familial Iminoglycinuria) = 536
• Methionine Malabsorption(Oasthouse Syndrome) = 536
• Renal Glycinuria = 536
• Galactosemia = 536
• Hepatolenticular Degeneration(Wilson's Disease) = 537
• Fanconi Syndrome = 537
• Vitamin Deficiencies = 537
• Toxic Agents = 537
• Cystinosis = 538
• Lowe's Syndrome = 538
• Idiopathic Hypercalciuria = 538
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism = 538
• Vitamin D-resistant Rickets = 538
• Renal Tubular Acidosis = 538
• Salt-losing Nephritis = 539
• Potassium-losing Nephritis = 539
• Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus("Water-losing Nephritis") = 539
• Renal and Urinary Lithiasis = 540
• Hypercalciuria = 540
• Idiopathic Renal Lithiasis = 541
• Hyperoxaluria = 542
• Cystinuria = 543
• Hyperitricuria = 543
• Xanthinuria = 543
• Hemodialysis = 543
• Disequilibrium Syndrome = 543
• Acute Renal Failure = 544
• Chronic Dialysis = 544
• Renal Homotransplantation = 545
• References =546
• Chapter 17 ENZYMES = 547
• International Unit of Enzyme Activity = 548
• Isoenzyrnes(Isozymes) = 548
• Digestive Enzymes = 549
• Serum Amylase(Diastase) = 550
• Serum Lipase = 551
• Uropepsin = 551
• Serum Cholinesterase = 552
• Aminotransferases(Transaminases) = 553
• Liver and Biliary Tract Disease = 553
• Heart Disease = 553
• Miscellaneous = 554
• Isoenzymes = 554
• Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism = 554
• Lactate Dehydrogenase = 555
• Malate Dehydrogenase = 557
• Isocitrate Dehydrogenase(ICD) = 558
• Aldolase = 558
• Glucose Phosphate Isomerase = 559
• Hexokinase = 559
• Glucose-6-phosphatase = 559
• Phosphatases = 559
• Alkaline Phosphatase = 560
• Isoenzymes = 561
• Skeletal Diseases = 562
• Rickets = 563
• Hyperparathyroidism = 563
• Osteitis Deformans = 563
• Hypophosphatasia = 563
• Miscellaneous Bone Disorders = 564
• Hepatic and Biliary Tract Disease = 565
• Miscellaneous Disorders = 566
• Acid Phosphatase = 566
• Leukocyle Acid Phosphatase = 569
• Lysosomal Acid Phosphatase Deficiency = 569
• Creatine Kinase = 569
• Skeletal Muscle Disease = 569
• Heart Disease = 570
• Miscellaneous Disorders = 570
• Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase = 570
• Sorbitol Dehydrogenase = 571
• Leticine Aminopeptidases = 571
• Leucine Aminopeptidase = 571
• Oxytocinase(Cystine Aminopeptidase) = 571
• Isoenzymes = 572
• Erythrocyte Enzyme Defects = 572
• Enzymes in Pleural and Peritoneal Effusions = 573
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzymes = 574
• Enzyme Abnormalities in Diagnosis = 574
• Liver Disease = 575
• Heart Disease = 576
• Placental Insufficiency(Placental Dysfunction) = 576
• Central Nervous System Disease = 577
• Genitourinary Disease = 577
• Malignant Disease = 578
• Miscellaneous Disorders = 578
• Inherited Disease = 579
• References = 579
• Chapter 18 CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF GASTRIC FUNCTION = 580
• Psychic or Cephalic Phase = 580
• Gastric Phase = 581
• Intestinal Phase = 581
• Other Factors = 582
• Normal Gastric juice = 582
• Gastric Residuum = 582
• Investigation of Gastric Secretory Activity = 584
• Insulin(Hypoglycemia) Stimulation = 585
• Serum Gastrin = 585
• Intrinsic Factor = 585
• Abnormal Response = 585
• Achlorhydria = 585
• Hyposecretion = 586
• Hypersecretion = 586
• "Tubeless Gastric Analysis" = 587
• Peptic Activity = 587
• Serum Gastrin = 587
• References = 588
• Chapter 19 PANCREATIC FUNCTION = 589
• Examination of Pancreatic juice : Secretin Test = 590
• Volume = 591
• Bicarbonate = 591
• Amylase = 592
• Trypsin = 592
• Lipase = 592
• Abnormal Findings With the Secretin Test = 592
• Lundh Test Meal = 593
• Serum Enzymes = 594
• Serum Amylase = 594
• Serum Amylase after Stimulation = 595
• Serum Lipase = 595
• Serum Trypsin = 596
• Amylase Isoenzymes = 596
• Amylase in Urine = 596
• Miscellaneous Findings in Pancreatic Disease = 597
• Examination of Feces = 598
• References = 599
• Chapter 20 INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES = 600
• Steatorrhea = 600
• Protein Abnormalities = 601
• Vitamin Deficiencies = 602
• Anemia = 602
• Skeletal Abnormalities = 604
• Miscellaneous Abnormalities = 604
• Clinical Methods of Studying Absorption = 604
• Lipid Absorption = 605
• Carbohydrate Absorption = 606
• Protein Absorption = 607
• Vitamin $$B_{12}$$ Absorption = 607
• Miscellaneous Procedures = 608
• Biopsy of Small Intestine Mucosa = 608
• References = 609
• Chapter 21 HEPATIC FUNCTION = 610
• Carbohydrate Metabolism = 613
• Fasting Blood Sugar Level = 614
• Glucose Tolerance = 615
• Epinephrine Hyperglycemia = 616
• Lactate and Pyruvate Levels = 617
• Protein Metabolism = 617
• Amino Acids = 617
• Urea = 618
• Uric Acid = 619
• Ammonium Ion = 619
• Plasma Proteins = 620
• Thymol Turbidity and Flocculation = 626
• Cephalin-cholesterol Flocculation =627
• Zinc Sulfate Turbidity = 628
• Plasma Prothrombin = 628
• Lipid Metabolism = 630
• Fat in Feces = 631
• Plasma Cholesterol = 631
• Other Plasma Lipids = 633
• Pigment Metabolism - Jaundice = 633
• Serum Bilirubin = 636
• The van den Bergh Reaction = 636
• Serum Bilirubin Concentration = 636
• Pathological Hyperbilirubinemia = 638
• Total Serum Bilirubin = 638
• Pathogenesis of Jaundice = 640
• Predominant Increase of Unconjugated Serurm Bilirubin = 641
• Predominant Increase of Conjugated Bilirubin in Serum = 644
• Anatomy and Embryolog = 713
• Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex and Their Measurement = 713
• Structure of Steroid Her ones = 714
• Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Hormones = 714
• Transport and Metabolism of Corticosteroids = 717
• Determination of the Rate of Secretion of Corticosteroids = 719
• Cortisol and Its Metabolites = 720
• Aldosterone and Its Metabolites = 721
• Androgens and Their Metabolites = 722
• Metabolic Effects = 726
• Anti-inflammatory Action = 726
• Effect on Immune Reactions = 726
• Miscellaneous Effects = 726
• Physioloy of Cortisol = 727
• The "Alarm Reaction" ; The Adrenal Cortex = 727
• Under Stress = 729
• Cotrol of Aldosterone Secretion = 730
• Adrenocortical Hyperfunction = 730
• Cushing's Syndrome = 730
• Hyperaldosteronism = 734
• Adrenogenital Syndrome = 735
• Adrenocortical Hypofunction = 737
• Clinical Features = 738
• Hermone Studies = 738
• Carbohydrate Metabolism = 738
• Electrolyte and Water Metabolis = 739
• Adrenal Medullary Hormones = 740
• Storage of Catecholamines = 740
• Release of Catecholamines = 741
• Biosynthesis and Metabolis = 741
• Underproduction of Adrenal Medullary Hormones = 744
• Overproduction of Adrenal Medullary Hormones = 744
• Sympathoblastoma = 744
• Neuroblastoma = 744
• Ganglioneuroma = 745
• Pheochromocytoma = 745
• Thyroid Hormones = 746
• Chemistry = 746
• Biosynthesis and Secretion = 747
• Circulating Thyroid Hormones = 750
• Metabolisrn of Thyroid Hermones = 750
• Metabolic Effects = 751
• Mechanism of Action = 754
• Agents Interfering with Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone = 754
• Thyroid Hormone = 754
• Iodine = 754
• Thiocyanate = 755
• Antithyroid Agents = 755
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Thyroid Disease = 755
• a. Thyroid Iodide Trop Tests = 756
• b. Thyroid Hormone Release Tests = 756
• c. Peripheral Tissue Response Tests = 760
• Basal Metabolic Rate = 760
• Tyrosine Tolerance = 760
• Red Cell Sodium = 760
• Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Immunoassay = 760
• Hypothyroidism = 760
• Hyperthyroidism = 761
• Nontoxic Goiter = 761
• Thyrotrophin-releasing Hormone Test = 761
• Normal Subjects = 761
• Hypothyroid Subjects = 762
• Hyperthyroid Subjects = 762
• Triiodothyronine(T₃) Suppression Test = 762
• TSH Stimulation Test = 763
• Perchlorate Discharge Test = 763
• Thyroid Antibody Tests = 763
• Application of Tests to Determine the Level of Thyroid Function = 764
• Nontoxic Goiter and Hypotliyroidism = 764
• Hypothyroidism = 765
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism = 765
• Overt Hypothyroidism = 765
• Mild Hypothyroidism = 766
• Compensated Hypothyroidism = 766
• Hyperthyroidism = 766
• T₃ Toxicosis = 766
• Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism = 767
• Calcitonin = 768
• Structure of Human Calcitonin = 769
• Factors Affecting Secretion of Calcitonin = 769
• Sites and Mechanisms of Action and Distribution of Calcitonin = 769
• Assay of Calcitonin = 769
• Physiological Significance of Calcilonin = 769
• Pathological Significance of Calcitonin = 770
• Clinical Applications of Calcitonin = 770
• Gastrointestinal Hormones = 771
• Gastrin = 771
• Assay of Gastrin = 771
• Physiology and Regulation of Secretion = 772
• Syndromes of Gastrin Excess = 772
• Cholecystokinin = 773
• Assay of CCK = 773
• Physiology and Regulation of Secretion = 773
• Syndromes of Excess and Deficiency = 773
• Secretin = 773
• Assay of Secretin = 774
• Physiology and Regulation of Secretin = 774
• Syndromes of Excess and Deficiency = 774
• Ovarian Hormones = 774
• Estrogens = 774
• Actions of Estrogens = 775
• Assay of Estrogens =776
• Clinical Applications of Estrogen Assays = 776
• Increased Estrogen Values = 776
• Decreased Estrogen Values = 777
• Indications for Estrogen Therapy = 778
• Estrogen Preparations = 778
• Progesterone = 779
• Actions of Progesterone = 779
• Assay of Progesterone = 779
• Clinical Applications of Progesterone Assays = 779
• Increased Progesterone Values = 779
• Diminished Progesterone Values = 779
• Indications for Progesterone Therapy = 780
• Progesterone Preparations = 780
• Androgens = 780
• The Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle = 780
• Puberty in the Female = 781
• The Menopause = 781
• Hormonal Changes = 781
• Hypogonadism in the Female = 782
• Oral Contraceptives = 782
• Choice of Preparation = 784
• Combined(Recommended Dose Containing 0.03-0.05 mg. Estrogen) = 784
• Combined(Containing More Than 0.05 mg. Estrogen) = 784
• Sequential = 784
• Metabolic Effects of Oral Contraceptives = 785
• Endocrine Effects of Oral Contraceptives = 785
• Hyperiension = 785
• Amenorrhea = 786
• Pigmentation = 786
• Thyroid and Adrenal Function Tests = 786
• Thromboembolic Effects of Oral Contraceptives = 786
• Gynecological Effects of Oral Contraceptives = 787
• Cervical Changes = 787
• Breast Changes = 787
• Vaginal Candidiasis = 787
• Placental Hormones and Pregnancy = 787
• Estrogens = 788
• Progesterone = 789
• Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin(HCG) = 790
• Human Placental Lactogen(HPL)(Human Chorionic Somatomammotrophin, HCS) = 790
• Human Chorionic Thyrotropliin(HCT) and Human Molar Thyrotrophin(HMT) = 791
• Prostaglandins(PG) = 791
• The Adrenal Gland and Pregnancy = 792
• The Thyroid Gland and Pregnancy = 792
• The Pituitary Gland and Pregnancy = 793
• Androgens and the Testis = 793
• Testosterone Synthesis and Metabolism = 793
• Metabolic Actions = 796
• Abnormal Androgen Values = 797
• Ectopic Hormone Production by Nonendocrine Tumors = 797
• Significance of Ectopic Hormone Production = 799
• Ectopic ACTH Syndrome = 800
• Hypoglycemia = 800
• Hypercalcemia = 800
• Inappropriate Secretion of Vasopressin = 801
• Hyperthyroidism = 801
• Ectopic Growth Hormone Secretion = 802
• EctoPic Gonadotrophin Secretion = 802
• References = 802
• Chapter 23 VITAMINS = 804
• Vitamin A = 805
• Deficiency in Man = 808
• Detection of Deficiency in Man = 808
• Effects of Excess of Vitamin A = 809
• Hypercarotenemia = 810
• Thiamine = 810
• Metabolism of Thiamine = 811
• Demonstration of Deficiency = 812
• Thiamine Deficiency = 813
• Riboflavin = 814
• Demonstration of Deficiency = 814
• Niacin(Nicotinic Acid) = 815
• Demonstration of Deficiency = 815
• The Vitamin $$B_6$$ Group = 817
• Folic Acid = 818
• Vitamin $$B_12$$ = 821
• Congenital Methylmalonic Aciduria = 821
• Ascorbic Acid = 822
• Detection of Deficiency Man = 825
• Vitamin D = 827
• Deficiency Manifestations = 829
• Effects of Excess Vitamin D = 829
• Vitamin E(Tocopherols) = 830
• Vitamin K = 832
• Deficiency = 833
• Demonstration of Vitamin K Deficiency = 834
• Other Vitamins = 834
• References = 834
• Chapter 24 CERFBROSPINAL FLUID = 835
• Protein = 836
• Meningitis = 836
• Serous Meningitis = 836
• Aseptic Meningitis = 837
• Convulsive States = 837
• Organic Disease of Brain and Cord = 837
• Myxedema = 838
• Myelography = 838
• Glucose = 839
• Hyperglycorrhachia = 839
• Hypoglycorrhachia = 839
• Nonprotein Nitrogenous Constituents = 840
• Chloride = 841
• Inorganic Phosphate = 842
• Cholesterol = 842
• Lactate = 843
• Hydrogen Ion Concentration = 843
• Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium = 843
• Xantliochromia = 844
• Enzymes = 845
• References = 846
• Chapter 25 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY = 847
• The "Normal Range" = 852
• SI Units = 854
• Derived Coherent Units = 854
• Derived Noncoherent Units = 855
• References = 857
• INDEX = 859