대학생의 스마트폰 중독 척도 개발 및 타당화 = Development and Validation of Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 스마트폰 중독에 대한 측정도구를 개발하고 타당화하는 것이다. 기존의 스마트폰 중독 측정도구의 문제점을 보완하여 대학생 대상의 스마트폰 중독 척도를 개발하고 이 도구의 타당성을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 인터넷 중독 척도와 기존의 스마트폰 중독 척도를 참고하여 요인을 설정하고 문항을 구성하였다. 중국의 간쑤성 천수시 T대학과 후베이성 상양시 H대학의 대학생 422명을 대상으로 각각 211명씩 탐색집단과 교차집단으로 나누어 진행되었다. 예비조사와 본조사를 통해 수집된 자료를 분석하여 일상생활 장애, 학업장애, 금단, 내성, 가상 인간관계 지향성의 5요인, 총 25문항을 스마트폰 중독 척도의 최종 문항으로 확정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 척도는 일차원성이 확연히 드러났으며 높은 신뢰도를 보여주었다. 척도의 타당도는 내용타당도, 구인타당도, 준거타당도, 교차타당화의 측면에서 다양하게 검토되었다. 내용타당도는 문항개발 및 선정, 예비연구를 통해 확인하였다. 구인타당도는 최종 척도의 측정모형과 법칙론 관계망을 분석함으로써 검토되었다. 준거타당도는 기존의 스마트폰 중독 척도와의 관계를 준거로 판단하였다. 교차타당화는 탐색집단과 교차집단 간에 측정모형의 차이를 분석함으로써 판단하였다. 구인타당도의 경우 스마트폰 중독 척도의 구성요인과 문항간 관계구조의 타당도를 확인하기 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 절대적합지수 χ2, RMSEA(root mean square error of approximation), 증분적합지수 TLI(Tucker-Lewis' index), CFI(comparative fit index) 모두 양호한 적합도를 보였고, 요인부하량을 확인한 결과 문항들은 구성요인을 잘 반영하였다. 법칙론적 연결망 분석의 경우 부정적 양육행동, 학업스트레스, 스마트폰 중독 간 관계를 매개모형으로 설정하여 확인하였다. 매개모형의 적합도 지수 RMSEA는 .093으로 다소 높게 나타났지만, TLI는 .912, CFI는 .936으로 산출되어 양호한 적합도를 보였다. 준거타당도의 경우, 본연구의 새로운 척도가 기존 척도 Su 외(2014)의 척도와 유의한 정적상관을 보임으로서 지지되었다. 교차집단에서 측정모형이 양호한 적합도를 보이고, 탐색집단과의 차이 분석 결과, 두 집단 간에 형태, 측정, 구조가 동일하여 교차타당화가 만족된 것으로 판단되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to develop a smartphone addiction scale and demonstrate the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale, by improving the problems of the existing smartphone addiction measurement tools, to develop a measurement of smartphone addiction for college students and demonstrate the validity of this tool. For this purpose, the factors were set and questions were organized by referring to the internet addiction scales and the existing smartphone addiction scales. The participants were 422 college students from Chinese Tianshui T University in Gansu and Chinese Xiangyang H University in Hubei. They were divided into an exploratory group and a cross group of 211 college students each. After that, the data collected through the preliminary study and the main survey were analyzed and five sub-factors of obstacles in daily life, obstacles to learning, withdrawal symptom, tolerance, and virtual interpersonal relationship directivity were confirmed. A total of 25 items were confirmed as the final questions on the smartphone addiction scale. As a result of analyzing the scale developed in this study, the one-dimensionality of the items were confirmed and showed high reliability. Then the construct validity, criterion validity and cross validity were estimated to verify the validity of the scale. The content validity was confirmed through the development, selection and preliminary research of the questions. The construct validity was reviewed by analyzing the measurement model and the nomological network of the final scale. The criterion validity was judged to be based on its relationship with the existing smartphone addiction scale. The cross validity was determined by analyzing the differences in the measurement model between the exploratory group and the cross group. As the result of construct validity from the confirmatory factor analysis conducted to verify the validity of the structure of the relationship between the components of the smartphone addiction scale and the questions, the absolute fit index χ2, RMSEA(Root Mean square error of approximation), incremental fit index TLI(Tucker-Lewis' index), and CFI(Comparative Fit Index) all showed a better fit. For the nomological network analysis, the relationship between negative parenting behavior, academic stress, and smartphone addiction is confirmed by setting it as a medium model. The fit index RMSEA for the nomological network model was found to be higher at .093, but the TLI was calculated to be .912, and the CFI to be .936, which showed a better fit. As a result of criterion validity, a new scale in this study was supported by showing significant positive correlation with the existing scale of Su et al. (2014). The measurement model showed a better fit in the cross group, and as the result of the analysis of the differences with the exploratory group, it was confirmed that cross validity was satisfied because the form, measurement, and structure between the two groups were same.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 양매, "한국과 중국 어머니들의 양육태도 비교" 전북대학교 2016
• 2 이은수, "학업스트레스와 인터넷중독의 관련성 : 부모양육태도 중재 효과 중심으로" 가톨릭대학교 상담심리대학원 2012
• 3 박병기, "학업스트레스 척도의 개발 및 타당화" 한국교육심리학회 26 (26): 563-585, 2012
• 4 김문정, "초등학생의 인터넷 중독과 지연행동, 의지통제, 학업성취 및 지능과의 관계" 전북대학교 교육대학원 2009
• 5 허묘연, "청소년이 지각한 부모 양육행동 척도 개발 연구" 이화여자대학교 대학원 2000
• 6 구현영, "청소년을 위한 휴대전화 중독 도구 개발" 한국간호과학회 39 (39): 818-828, 2009
• 7 임신일, "청소년용 스마트폰 과다사용 척도 개발 및 타당화" 교육종합연구원 14 (14): 81-104, 2016
• 8 임경자, "일 대학생들의 스마트폰 중독과 정신건강과의 관계" 한국학교보건학회 26 (26): 124-131, 2013
• 9 김은화, "외로움과 자기개방이 대학생의 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향" 경기대학교 2019
• 10 강희양, "스마트폰 중독 척도의 개발" 한국심리학회 31 (31): 563-580, 2012
• 11 김형지, "스마트폰 이용과 중독과정에 관한통합적 분석: 중독의 재개념화를 중심으로" 고려대학교 2017
• 12 강혜자, "스마트폰 사용과 정신건강 및 신체건강 간의 관계 - 스마트폰 사용자의 태도를 중심으로" 한국디지털정책학회 14 (14): 483-488, 2016
• 13 박준성, "사회과학 연구를 위한 통계분석의 개념과 실제" 학지사 2017
• 14 권오형, "부모의 긍정적 양육방식이 휴대전화 의존도에 미치는 영향 -자아탄력성의 매개효과와 성별 조절효과의 융합적 접근-" 중소기업융합학회 8 (8): 145-152, 2018
• 15 정승교, "대학생의 우울, 스트레스, 자기효능감이 휴대폰 중독적 사용에 미치는 영향" 한국성인간호학회 22 (22): 41-50, 2010
• 16 최현, "대학생의 스마트폰과 SNS 과다사용개선 프로그램 개발과 효과" 목포대학교 2018
• 17 이복임, "대학생의 스마트폰 이용 시간과 신체적, 정신적 건강과의 관련성" 한국학교보건학회 26 (26): 45-53, 2013
• 18 정구철, "대학생들의 정신건강과 인터넷 중독 및 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계" 한국콘텐츠학회 16 (16): 655-665, 2016
• 19 김수영, "구조방정식 모형의 기본과 확장" 학지사 2016
• 20 홍세회, "구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 (19): 161-177, 2000
• 21 Tindell, D. R., "The use and abuse of cell phones and text messaging in the classroom : A survey of college students" 60 (60): 1-9, 2012
• 22 Ching, K. H., "The structural model in parenting style, attachment style, self-regulation and self-esteem for smartphone addiction" 3 (3): 85-103, 2017
• 23 Kwon, M., "The smartphone addiction scale:development and validation of a short version for adolescents" 8 (8): e83558-, 2013
• 24 Aunola, K., "The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior" 76 (76): 1144-1159, 2005
• 25 Bae, S. M., "The relationships between perceived parenting style, learning motivation, friendship satisfaction, and the addictive use of smartphones with elementary school students of South Korea: Using multivariate latent growth modeling" 36 (36): 513-531, 2015
• 26 Wei, H., "The relationship between stress and Internet addiction : the moderating effects of family support and friend support" 16 (16): 124-129, 2018
• 27 Lian, S. L., "The relationship between smart phone addiction and procrastination in college students : an analysis of mediating and regulating effects" 34 (34): 46-58, 2018
• 28 Floros, G., "The relationship between optimal parenting, Internet addiction and motives for social networking in adolescence" 209 (209): 529-534, 2013
• 29 Lepp, A., "The relationship between cell phone use and academic performance in a sample of US college students" 5 (5): 1-9, 2015
• 30 Su, S., "The preliminary preparation of the scale of smart phone addiction for college students" 28 (28): 392-397, 2014
• 31 Qu, X. Y., "The influence of smart phone addiction on learning burnout: academic procrastination as an intermediary" 23 (23): 49-57, 2017
• 32 Liao, H., "The influence of parenting style on the academic pressure of middle school students" 4 : 70-73, 2015
• 33 Liu, Y. M., "The influence of parenting style on students'self-determining motivation and academic pressure" 6 (6): 12-16, 2018
• 34 Gao, T., "The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction : The role of depression, anxiety and stress" 225 : 761-766, 2018
• 35 Zeng, X. Q., "The influence mechanism of parenting style on college students'subjective well-being" 26 (26): 641-649, 2010
• 36 Park, B. W., "The effect of users’ characteristics and experiential factors on the compulsive usage of the smartphone" 151 : 438-446, 2011
• 37 Carbonell, X., "The cell phone in the twenty-first century : A risk for addiction or a necessary tool" 1 : 901-909, 2013
• 38 Browne, M. W., "Testing structural equation models" SAGE 136-162, 1993
• 39 Carveth, J. A., "Survival strategies for nurse-midwifery students" 41 (41): 50-54, 1996
• 40 Nassehi, A., "Surveying the relationship of Internet addiction with dependence on cell phone, depression, anxiety, and stress in collegians(Case study : bam University of Medical Sciences)" 7 (7): 2267-2274, 2016
• 41 Ma, M. F., "Study on the relationship between parents' marital quality, parenting style, parent-child relationship and junior high school students' academic burnout" 2014
• 42 Lundquist, A. R., "Smartphones : Fulfilling the need for immediacy in everyday life, but at what cost" 4 (4): 80-89, 2014
• 43 Alabdulwahab, S. S., "Smartphone use addiction can cause neck disability" 15 (15): 10-12, 2017
• 44 Montag, C., "Smartphone usage in the 21st century : who is active on Whats App?" 8 (8): 331-336, 2015
• 45 Enez Darcin, A., "Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness" 35 (35): 520-525, 2016
• 46 Al-Barashdi, H. S., "Smartphone addiction among university undergraduates: a literature review" 210-225, 2015
• 47 Mohammadbeigi, A., "Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cell-phone and social networks" 16 (16): 46-50, 2016
• 48 Donovan, W. L., "Simulating conditions of learned helplessness: The effects of interventions and attributions" 594-603, 1985
• 49 Wilks, S. E., "Resilience amid academic stress : The moderating impact of social support among social work students" 9 (9): 106-125, 2008
• 50 Samaha, M., "Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life" 57 : 321-325, 2016
• 51 Zhu, J., "Relationship Between Parental Rejection and Problematic Mobile Phone Use in Chinese University Students : Mediating Roles of Perceived Discrimination and School Engagement" 10 : 428-438, 2019
• 52 Bianchi, A., "Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use" 8 (8): 39-51, 2005
• 53 Lin, Y. H., "Proposed diagnostic criteria for smartphone addiction" 11 (11): e0163010-, 2016
• 54 Renk, K., "Predictors of academic-related stress in college students: An examination of coping, social support, parenting, and anxiety" 44 (44): 405-431, 2007
• 55 Turkel, Y. D., "Parenting styles and learned resourcefulness of Turkish adolescents" 43 (43): 143-153, 2008
• 56 Aunola, K., "Parenting styles and adolescents'achievement strategies" 23 (23): 205-222, 2000
• 57 Darling, N., "Parenting style as context : An integrative model" 113 (113): 487-496, 1993
• 58 Chóliz, M., "Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence : the test of mobile phone dependence(TMD)" 2 (2): 33-44, 2012
• 59 Peraman, R., "Mobile phone mania: Arising global threat in public health" 7 (7): 198-200, 2016
• 60 Choliz, M., "Mobile phone addiction : a point of issue" 105 (105): 373-374, 2010
• 61 Hannonen, R., "Maternal Parenting Styles and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes" 16 : 214-222, 2019
• 62 Casey, B. M., "Linking psychological attributes to smart phone addiction, face-to-face communication, present absence and social capital" Graduate School of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 2012
• 63 Leung, L., "Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong" 2 (2): 93-113, 2008
• 64 He, J. B., "Is the brain of Internet addict different from ordinary person?" 20 (20): 2033-2041, 2012
• 65 Panova, T., "Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?" 7 (7): 252-259, 2018
• 66 Taylor, S. E., "Health Psychology" McGraw Hill 2009
• 67 Chen, Y. F., "Extending family to school life: College students'use of the mobile phone" 67 (67): 179-191, 2009
• 68 Montoliu, R., "Discovering places of interest in everyday life from smartphone data" 62 (62): 179-207, 2013
• 69 Lin, C. D., "Dictionary of psychology" Shanghai Education 2003
• 70 Xiong, J., "Development of the mobile phone addiction tendency scale for college students" 26 (26): 222-225, 2012
• 71 Kwon, M., "Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS)" 8 (8): e56936-, 2013
• 72 Abdelmajid H S A B P, "Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (SPAQ)" Sultan Qaboos University 2015
• 73 Matar Boumosleh, J., "Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study" 12 (12): e0182239-, 2017
• 74 Smetana, J. G., "Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs" 15 : 19-25, 2017
• 75 Baumrind, D., "Current patterns of parental authority" 4 (4): 1-2, 1971
• 76 Zhang, K., "Compulsive smartphone use: The roles of flow, reinforcement motives, and convenience" 2014
• 77 Xu, H., "Compilation of smart phone dependence scale for college students" 16 (16): 26-27, 2008
• 78 De-Sola Gutiérrez, J., "Cell-phone addiction : A review" 7 : 175-190, 2016
• 79 Shoukat, S., "Cell phone addiction and psychological and physiological health in adolescents" 18 : 47-50, 2019
• 80 Thomas, D., "Cell phone addiction and academic stress among university students in Thailand" 19 (19): 80-96, 2016
• 81 Norman, G., "Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials Editorial: Principal components and factor analysis" People’s Medical Publishing House 194-209, 2014
• 82 Shin, C., "Automatically detecting problematic use of smartphones" 335-344, 2013
• 83 Zhu, W. J., "Analysis on the influence of smart phones on contemporary college students" 17 : 112-, 2017
• 84 Jun, S., "Academic stress and Internet addiction from general strain theory framework" 49 : 282-287, 2015
• 85 Zhao, F., "A study on the relationship between high expectations of parents and stress of middle school students" 8 : 53-54, 2005
• 86 Miao, M, "A study on the influence of family environment and parenting style on college students' dependence on smart phone in class" 32 (32): 81-84, 2018
• 87 Huang, D. Q., "A study on the correlation between parental pressure, expectation and mental health status of middle school students" 30 (30): 154-156, 2014
• 88 Tucker, L. R., "A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis" 38 (38): 1-10, 1973
• 89 Covington, M. V., "A motivational analysis of academic life in college" 9 : 661-729, 2007
• 90 한국정보화진흥원, "2016 인터넷 과의존 실태조사" 미래창조과학부, 한국정보화진흥원 2017